{"id":8640,"date":"2025-01-16T22:26:59","date_gmt":"2025-01-16T22:26:59","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8640"},"modified":"2025-01-16T22:26:59","modified_gmt":"2025-01-16T22:26:59","slug":"spindly-axles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2025\/01\/16\/spindly-axles\/","title":{"rendered":"Spindly Axles"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>axle<\/strong>, <strong>axis<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/86782423@N08\/16804624725\/in\/photolist-rAY6t4-E2VY6w-bPr7vx-CurmxX-SX1eBs-6Povfj-4hMxxV-bCuBpu-2qz4Jqf-3bxQsi-6PnHQJ-aK7C9c-6U99j9-RhtVL7-gyxX59-2kFawgf-gyxQF7-2iK5D58-gyxmHJ-gyypzf-79sUJE-gyyo1c-gyy8LS-gyxLap-gyyh1r-gyxH3m-gyycRp-gyy944-gyyn9n-gyxTxv-gyxLJw-gyy19Y-gyy7dS-gyxJL3-gyxE5Y-gyxRFJ-gyxNw9-gyxR42-gyyrPx-gyxJzE-bb1oD6-aATVkW-S3MvFb-75FZqJ-2q9XYgC-dDcPAj-2jA9tf-bJVjQ2-R8on4X-dYHkjH\" title=\"axles\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/8650\/16804624725_7e28fc07bd_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" alt=\"axles\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*aksl\u0101, *aksil\u0101, *axsil\u0101<\/strong> = axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ais<\/strong> = back, hinder part<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ais<\/strong> = back, hinder part<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ais<\/strong>  [a\u0283\/\u00e6\u0283\/\u025b\u0283] = back<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aiseal<\/strong> [a\u0283\u0259l\u032a\u02e0] = axle(-tree), axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>essyl<\/strong> = axle, axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*axl, *\u0117x\u0268l<\/strong> = axle, axis (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>echel, achel<\/strong> = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>echel<\/strong> [\u02c8\u025b\u03c7\u025bl\/\u02c8e\u02d0\u03c7\u025bl] = axle-tree, axle, axis, pivot<br \/>\n<strong>echelu<\/strong> = to furnish with an axle, place on an axle<br \/>\n<strong>echelbin<\/strong> = linch-pin<br \/>\n<strong>echelin<\/strong> = axis, axial, axile<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aghel<\/strong> = axle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ahel, a\u00ebl<\/strong> = axle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ahel<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0251(h)\u02d0.\u025bl] = axle<br \/>\n<strong>ahelan<\/strong> = to centre sth on, to pin (together)<br \/>\n<strong>ahelek<\/strong> = axial<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*axsi-<\/em> (back), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2082e\u1e31s-<\/em> (axis), possibly from <em>*h\u2082e\u01f5-<\/em> (to drive) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/ais#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE roots include: <strong>axis<\/strong> and <strong>axle<\/strong> in English, <strong>as<\/strong> (axis) in Dutch, <strong>Achse<\/strong> (axis, axle) in German, <strong>ais<\/strong> (board, plank) in French, and  <strong>eje<\/strong> (axis, axle, shaft, spindle, core, heart, hub) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/h%E2%82%82e%E1%B8%B1s-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/miss88keys\/3367115552\/in\/photolist-68xm9q-68t45V-nFRqeM-68t78M-3TBZh2-7YWAEC-9wbnWZ-nUxj2-6ykH6e-g3iXY-9ep9yp-bWdYK6-g3iXZ-82BtUR-2qqbALk-9msAYm-pG4GZa-2LEx5v-cdAicm-3EqPNk-5EJhYv-9mvysZ-cexWps-4KMXb9-4KMVvS-c83aT-4KHAYZ-mEzhyF-fbwPg7-4KMNEh-2fU2e7-g3iXX-ap5Wqb-4KHzJT-8XPzkT-47Sw3x-ZVgxLW-cwBRS-ZEdgiT-2m87Tz3-61G7Ss-eQsaSm-MEvtxd-2frs3r-9EqfPp-77G6eg-53tUmL-9its3y-NgFSeo-4F7LFn\" title=\"Asciano Drop Spindle\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/3658\/3367115552_15f964ae85_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" alt=\"Asciano Drop Spindle\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*u\u032fert-iti-, *u\u032fer-t-<\/strong> = to turn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fertas<\/strong> = axle, spindle, shaft, rung, ridge, bank<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fertas, fersat<\/strong> = shaft, spoke, axle, shaft, axletree, swingletree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fearsaid<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02b2a\u027e\u02e0s\u02e0\u0259d\u02b2] = spindle, shaft, axle(-tree), passage, piece of poetry, verse, ditty<br \/>\n<strong>fearsaideach<\/strong> = shafted, spindly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fearsad, feairisid<\/strong> [fjar\u032a\u02e0s\u0259d, f\u025br\u032a\u0283\u026ad\u02b2] = spindle, shaft, axle, rung, spoke, track, rut, sandbar, ripple mark (in sand at low tide)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fess<\/strong> = spindle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*axl, *\u0117x\u0268l<\/strong> = axle, axis (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guerthyt, gwerthyt<\/strong> = spindle, axle, shaft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwerthyd<\/strong> = spindle, axle, shaft, rung, stave<br \/>\n<strong>gwerthydu<\/strong> = to furnish with a spindle or axle, to fashion like a spindle<br \/>\n<strong>gwerthydaid<\/strong> = spindleful of yarn<br \/>\n<strong>gwerthydwr<\/strong> = spindle-maker<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>gurhthit<\/strong> = spindle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gurthid, gurhthit, gurthyd<\/strong> = spindle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwerthys<\/strong> = bobbin, cage, spindle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guirtit, guirtitou<\/strong> = spindle, axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guerzit<\/strong> = spindle, axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwerzhid<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261w\u025brzit] = spindle, axis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from Proto-Indo-European <em>*w\u00e9rtti<\/em> (to be turning around), from <em>*wert-<\/em> (to turn, rotate) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language\/F\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE roots include: <strong>verse<\/strong>, <strong>version<\/strong>, <strong>versus<\/strong>, <strong>vertebra<\/strong>, <strong>vertical<\/strong>, <strong>vortex<\/strong>, <strong>wierd<\/strong> and  <strong>worth<\/strong> in English, <strong>worden<\/strong> (to become, get, grow, turn) in Dutch, and <strong>werden<\/strong> (will, be going to) in German [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/wert-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*molos<\/strong> = grinder<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mol<\/strong> = axle (for a mill-wheel), shaft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mol, moil, muil<\/strong> = axle, shaft (of a mill-wheel)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mol<\/strong> [m\u02e0\u0254l\u032a\u02e0 \/ m\u02e0\u028cl\u02e0] = hub, shaft, pivot, nave, Pole, top, crown<br \/>\n<strong>Mol Thuaid<\/strong> = North Pole<br \/>\n<strong>Mol Theas<\/strong> = South Pole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mul<\/strong> [mul\u032a\u02e0] = axis, axle-tree<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>moll<\/strong> = nave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*molh\u2082\u00f3s<\/em>, from <em>*melh\u2082-<\/em> (to grind, crush) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/molos\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE roots include: <strong>Mjollnir<\/strong> (Thor&#8217;s hammer), <strong>mallet<\/strong>, <strong>meal<\/strong>, <strong>mill<\/strong>, <strong>millet<\/strong>, <strong>molar<\/strong>, and <strong>mull<\/strong> in English, <strong>M\u00fchle<\/strong> (mill, grinder) in German, <strong>milho<\/strong> (maize, corncob) in Portuguese, and <strong>mijo<\/strong> (millet) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/melh%E2%82%82-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language\">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionaryq.com\/gaelg\/\">Fockleyreen: Manx &#8211; English Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/corpus.gaelg.im\/\">Gaelg Corpus<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau \/ Edition Skol Vreizh<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for axle, axis and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *aksl\u0101, *aksil\u0101, *axsil\u0101 = axis Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) ais = back, hinder part Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ais = back, hinder part Irish (Gaeilge) ais [a\u0283\/\u00e6\u0283\/\u025b\u0283] = back Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) aiseal [a\u0283\u0259l\u032a\u02e0] = axle(-tree), axis Manx (Gaelg) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,81,19,20,44,61,21,3,36,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,9,10,93,11,12,13,23,82,135,43,18],"tags":[189,188,52,46,51,48,47,53,49,55,190,50],"class_list":["post-8640","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-portuguese-portugues","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-tools","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","tag-axis","tag-axle","tag-breton","tag-celitc","tag-cornish","tag-gaelic","tag-irish","tag-language","tag-manx","tag-scottish-gaelic","tag-spindle","tag-welsh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8640","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8640"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8640\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8643,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8640\/revisions\/8643"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8640"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8640"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8640"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}