{"id":8624,"date":"2024-12-30T21:54:09","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T21:54:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8624"},"modified":"2025-02-06T21:42:45","modified_gmt":"2025-02-06T21:42:45","slug":"dutiful-laws","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/12\/30\/dutiful-laws\/","title":{"rendered":"Dutiful Laws"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>duty<\/strong>, <strong>debt<\/strong>, <strong>law<\/strong>, <strong>rule<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/rictor-and-david\/2926962294\/in\/photolist-5sDrV9-b2DXmt-f1y1vM-7rCzWD-6rPEps-6qgymv-2isDu8u-2oqJhMM-4byNnP-cxtyHS-2je9ybJ-2jnsDMA-6rKwh4-pdX3JS-cxukAS-2mE4NJ7-cxtzuq-2jiQFAK-TE8Bja-oAcXq-2mU6RqZ-2j9LkmU-2q3ZSFD-8uu58v-2miAEQt-2iSt6s2-24Qh2GU-4yf1s-Rn1Qi-2ChkP-2jesssy-PuTCy-2iSxutd-WF6ZKC-2Chmv-25psM8a-f1NwgC-x81Su-fEKKRu-f1Nvb1-2jhQgT6-f1yhyM-pdX3tb-2nFrZdz-4yfhH-2jnshtt-f1ygqM-abf8r9-2hDP3Q9-Z6GCJ\" title=\"Scottish Parliament\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/3046\/2926962294_affa48b895_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" alt=\"Scottish Parliament\"><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><br>\n<em>Scottish Parliament \/ P&agrave;rlamaid na h-Alba \/ Scots Pairlament<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<br>\n<a id=\"dligeti\"><\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*dligeti<\/strong> = to be entitled to, be obligated to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dligid<\/strong> = to deserve, merit, be entitled to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dligid, dleagaid<\/strong> = to be entitled to, have a right to, be owed, deserve, merit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dligh<\/strong> [d&#690;l&#690;&#618;&#607;\/d&#690;l&#690;i&#720;] = to be entitled to, have a right to, deserve, merit, be incumbent on, be liable to, ought to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dligh<\/strong> [dli] = owe, be due<br>\n<strong>dleas<\/strong> [dles] = deserve, merit, due<br>\n<strong>dleasach<\/strong> [dles&#601;x] = deserving, meriting<br>\n<strong>dleasadh<\/strong> [dles&#601;&#611;] = (act of) deserving, meriting<br>\n<strong>dleasannas<\/strong> [dles&#601;n&#810;&#736;&#601;s] = obligation, duty<br>\n<strong>dleasanta<\/strong> [dles&#601;n&#810;&#736;d&#601;] = deserving, meriting<br>\n<strong>dleasnach<\/strong> [dlesn&#810;&#736;&#601;x] = dutiful<br>\n<strong>dleastanas<\/strong> [dlesd&#601;n&#601;s] = obligation, duty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>toill<\/strong> = to deserve, will<br>\n<strong>toillchin<\/strong> = to deserve, earn, merit, reward; derserving, worthy<br>\n<strong>toillchinagh<\/strong> = deserving, meritorious<br>\n<strong>toillchinys<\/strong> = desert, merit<br>\n<strong>toillchyn<\/strong> = to deserve, merit<br>\n<strong>toilliu<\/strong> = to deserve, earn, merit; deserving, worthy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*d&#616;l&#611;&#616;d<\/strong> = ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>deleu, dyly, dylu<\/strong> = to be obliged to, ought, be indebted, behove, owe, be in debt, have a right to, claim, merit, deserve, posses, claim from<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dylu<\/strong> [&#712;kl&#603;&eth;&#616;&#798;v\/&#712;kle&#720;&eth;&#618;v] = to be obliged to, ought, be indebted, behove, owe, be in debt, have a right to, claim, merit, deserve, posses, claim from (other forms include: dylaf, dyl&yuml;af, dlyaf, dyl&yuml;u, dlyu, dleu, deleu)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dely, dylly<\/strong> = to owe, deserve<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tyli<\/strong> = to owe, pay, reward<br>\n<strong>tylva<\/strong> = checkout, till<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dleout<\/strong> = must<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dleout<\/strong> [&#712;dle&#720;.ut] = to have to, must, owe<br>\n<strong>dlea&ntilde;<\/strong> = to have to, must, owe; judicious<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from  Proto-Indo-European <em>*d&#688;l&eacute;g&#688;-ti\/*d&#688;l&#805;g&#688;-&eacute;nti<\/em>, from <em>*d&#688;leg&#688;-<\/em> (to beat, strike) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/dligeti\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE roots possibly include <strong>dolog<\/strong> (thing, object, affair, business, task, fate) in Hungarian, <strong>d&#322;ug<\/strong> (debt, account payable) in Polish, <strong>&#1076;&#1086;&#1083;&#1075;<\/strong> (dolg &ndash; debt, duty, obligation) in Russian, and <strong>dlh<\/strong> (debt) in Slovak [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/d%CA%B0leg%CA%B0-\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*dligetom<\/strong> = duty, debt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dliged, dligeth<\/strong> [&#712;d&#690;l&#690;i&#611;&#690;e&eth;] = law, principle, rule, theory, dictum<br>\n<strong>dlecht<\/strong> = lawful<br>\n<strong>dligthech<\/strong> = lawful, right<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dliged, dligeth, dleged<\/strong> = law, principle, rule, norm, dictum, reason, argument, reckoning, nature, condition, kind, manner<br>\n<strong>dligedach<\/strong> = lawful<br>\n<strong>dligemnas<\/strong> = lawful right<br>\n<strong>dligthech<\/strong> = regular, right, lawful, law-abiding, rational, reasonable, just, righteous<br>\n<strong>dligthe(m)nach, dligtheanuigh<\/strong> = lawgiver<br>\n<strong>dligtheoir<\/strong> = lawyer, man of law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dl&iacute;<\/strong> [d&#690;l&#690;i&#720;] = law, divine precept, scientific principle, litigation<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;od&oacute;ir<\/strong> = lawyer<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;od&oacute;ireacht<\/strong> = practice of law, practising law<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;th&iacute;<\/strong> = litigant<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;th&iacute;och<\/strong> = litigious<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;th&iacute;ocht<\/strong> = litigiousness<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;thi&uacute;il<\/strong> = legal, juridicial, lawful, litigious<br>\n<strong>dl&iacute;thi&uacute;ilacht<\/strong> = legality, lawfulness<br>\n<strong>dleacht<\/strong> = due, lawful right, royalty, patent<br>\n<strong>dleathach<\/strong> = lawful, legal, valud, genuine, just, proper<br>\n<strong>dleatha&iacute;ocht<\/strong> = legality, justice, propriety<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dlighe<\/strong> [dli.&#601;] = ordinance (in law), due<br>\n<strong>dligheach<\/strong> [dli.&#601;x] = lawful, legitimatem rightful, right, due, dutiful, just<br>\n<strong>dligheachas<\/strong> [dli.&#601;x&#601;s] = lawful right, jurisdiction, validity<br>\n<strong>dligheachd<\/strong> [dli.&#601;xg] = legality, royalty (payment)<br>\n<strong>dligheadh<\/strong> [dli.&#601;&#611;] = (act of) owing, being due, stipend<br>\n<strong>dlighear<\/strong> [dli.&#601;r] = lawyer, creditor<br>\n<strong>dligheil<\/strong> [dli.al] = legitimate, lawful, rightful<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*dl&#616;&#611;ed<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>delehet, deleed, dylyet, dlyet, dylet<\/strong> = debt, due, claim, right, demand, oblitation, duty<br>\n<strong>dylyedawc, dylyedauc, dylyeda&#7933;c dyledawg<\/strong> = noble, privileged, dignified, illustrious, rightful<br>\n<strong>dyledogaeth, dlyedogaeth<\/strong> = nobility, lordship, proprietorship<br>\n<strong>dylyedus, dyledus<\/strong> = due, proper, meet, lawful, worthy, just, necessary, requisite, owing, in debt, indebted<br>\n<strong>dyledwr<\/strong> = debtor, defaulter, trespasser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dyled<\/strong> [&#712;d&#601;l&#603;d] = debt, due, claim, right, demand, oblitation, duty, service, heritage, estate, worth, privilege, sins, transgressions, trespasses [also written dyl&ecirc;d, dled, dylyed, dlyed]<br>\n<strong>dyled(i)ach<\/strong> = trifling debts, dribbling debts<br>\n<strong>dyledu<\/strong> = to owe, be due, debit, make due<br>\n<strong>dyledog<\/strong> = indebted, in debt, due, noble, privileged, dignified, illustrious, debtor<br>\n<strong>dyl(y)edus<\/strong> = due, proper, meet, lawful, worthy, just, necessary, requisite, owing, in debt, indebted, noble, privileged, dignified, reasonable, sensible, understanding<br>\n<strong>dyledwr<\/strong> = debtor, defaulter, trespasser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dle<\/strong> = due, owing<br>\n<strong>dleat<\/strong> = moral duty, tax<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dle<\/strong> = due, owing, debt<br>\n<strong>dlead<\/strong> = moral duty, tax<br>\n<strong>dleatour<\/strong> = debtor<br>\n<strong>dleapl<\/strong> = liable<br>\n<strong>dleoniezh<\/strong> = ethics<br>\n<strong>d(e)leour<\/strong> = debtor, creditor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*dligeti<\/em> (to owe, be indebted to) &ndash; <a href=\"#dligeti\">see above<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/dligetom\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*k&aacute;(g)ni-<\/strong> = tribute, law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&aacute;in<\/strong> [ka&#720;n&#690;] = law, regulation, rule, fine, tax, tribute, legal due<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&aacute;in, cain<\/strong> = law, regulation, rule, fine, tax, tribute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&aacute;in<\/strong> [k&#593;&#720;n&#690;\/ka&#720;n&#690;] = law, regulation, rule, due, tribute, fine, penalty, impost, tax<br>\n<strong>c&aacute;inaisn&eacute;is<\/strong> = budget<br>\n<strong>c&aacute;inaisn&eacute;iseach<\/strong> = budgetary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&agrave;in<\/strong> [ka&#720;n&#810;&#690;] = duty, tariff, tribute, fine; body of laws (<em>archaic<\/em>)<br>\n<strong>c&agrave;in-aisneis<\/strong> = budget<br>\n<strong>c&agrave;ineach, c&agrave;inear, c&agrave;iniche<\/strong> = tax\/excise collector, tax gatherer<br>\n<strong>c&agrave;ineachadh<\/strong> [ka&#720;n&#810;&#690;&#601;x&#601;&#611;] = (act of) imposing a tax<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from Proto-Indo-European <em>*keh&#8322;\/&#8323;&#501;-n-<\/em> [<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\/page\/n187\/mode\/2up\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same root may include <strong>k&aacute;ze&#328;<\/strong> (discipline) in Czech, <strong>ka&#378;&#324;<\/strong> (execution, torture, torment) in Polish, and <strong>k&aacute;ze&#328;<\/strong> (sermon, discipline) in Slovak [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic\/kazn%D1%8C\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&iacute;s<\/strong> = tax, tribute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&iacute;s, cis, c&iacute;os<\/strong> = tax, tribute, cess, rent<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;sach<\/strong> = receiving or exacting tribute<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;saige<\/strong> = tributary, rent-payer<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;sugud<\/strong> = paying tribute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&iacute;os<\/strong> [ci&#720;s&#736;] = rent, price; tax tribute (<em>historical<\/em>)<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;osach<\/strong> = rent-paying, tributary<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;osa&iacute;<\/strong> = rent-payer<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;osaigh<\/strong> = to rent, pay rent for, compensate for<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;osch&aacute;in<\/strong> = tribute<br>\n<strong>c&iacute;oscheannach<\/strong> = hire-purchase<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c&igrave;os<\/strong> [k&#690;i&#601;s] = tribute, tax<br>\n<strong>c&igrave;s<\/strong> [k&#690;i&#720;&#643;] = tax, levy<br>\n<strong>c&igrave;sachadh<\/strong> [k&#690;i&#720;&#643;&#601;x&#601;&#611;] = taxing, taxation<br>\n<strong>c&igrave;sachas<\/strong> [k&#690;i&#720;&#643;&#601;x&#601;s] = taxation<br>\n<strong>c&igrave;seadair<\/strong> [k&#690;i&#720;&#643;&#601;d&#618;r&#690;] = exciseman<br>\n<strong>c&igrave;sear<\/strong> [k&#690;i&#720;&#643;&#601;r] = tax\/excise collector, tax gatherer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>keesh<\/strong> = custom, duty, tax, toll, tribute, contribution<br>\n<strong>keeshagh<\/strong> = assessable, taxable, tributary<br>\n<strong>keeshyn<\/strong> = taxation, taxes, tribute, dues<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Latin <em>c&#275;nsus<\/em> (census, register, rich gifts, presents, wealth), from <em>c&#275;nse&#333;<\/em> from Proto-Italic <em>*kens&#275;&#333;<\/em> (to give an opinion), from <em>*kens&#275;j&#333;<\/em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*&#7729;ens&eacute;h&#8321;-ye-ti<\/em>, from <em>*&#7729;ens-<\/em> (to announce, proclaim, put in order). Words from the same roots may include <strong>census<\/strong> in English, <strong>censo<\/strong> (census, wealth) in Italian, <strong>Zins<\/strong> (interest, tribute) in German, and <strong>czynsz<\/strong> (rent) in Polish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/census#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*rextus<\/strong> = rule, law<br>\n<strong>*kom-rextus<\/strong> = law (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Celtiberian<\/th>\n<td><strong>Retukeno<\/strong> = <em>personal name<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>Rextugenos<\/strong> = <em>personal name<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>recht, rect<\/strong> [r&#840;&#690;ext] = law<br>\n<strong>rechtach<\/strong> = law-giving<br>\n<strong>rechtaid<\/strong> = lawgiver<br>\n<strong>rechtaide<\/strong> = legal<br>\n<strong>rechtaigid<\/strong> = to legislate<br>\n<strong>rechtaire<\/strong> = steward<br>\n<strong>rechtas<\/strong> = stewardship<br>\n<strong>rechtge<\/strong> = government<br>\n<strong>rechtmar<\/strong> = lawful<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>recht, rect, reacht<\/strong> = law, authority, rule, right, lawfulness<br>\n<strong>rechtach<\/strong> = just, equitable, law-giving<br>\n<strong>rechtaid, rechtaidh<\/strong> = judge, lawgiver<br>\n<strong>rechtaide<\/strong> = legal, pertaining to the law, lawful<br>\n<strong>rechtaigid<\/strong> = to legislate<br>\n<strong>rechtaire, rechtorairge<\/strong> = steward, baliff, administrator, judge (?)<br>\n<strong>rechtas, rechtus, rechtcus<\/strong> = authority, administration, stewardship<br>\n<strong>rechtge, rechtga<\/strong> = government, authority, rule, regin<br>\n<strong>rechtmar<\/strong> = lawful, legitimate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reacht<\/strong> [&#638;&#736;axt&#810;&#736;] = law, statute, accepted rule<br>\n<strong>reachtach<\/strong> = law-giving, legislative<br>\n<strong>reachtaigh<\/strong> = to legislate, enact, decree<br>\n<strong>reachta&iacute;ocht<\/strong> = legislation<br>\n<strong>reachtaire<\/strong> = controller, administrator, steward, Rector, auditor, master of ceremonies<br>\n<strong>reachtas<\/strong> = administration, stewardship<br>\n<strong>reachtmhar<\/strong> = lawful, legitimate<br>\n<strong>reacht&oacute;ir<\/strong> = lawgiver, legislator<br>\n<strong>reacht&uacute;il<\/strong> = statutory, statute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reachd<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xg] = decree, statue, edict<br>\n<strong>reachdach<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xg&#601;x] = compulsory<br>\n<strong>reachdachadh<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xg&#601;x&#601;&#611;] = (act of) legislating, law-making, legislature<br>\n<strong>reachdadair<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xg&#601;d&#618;r&#690;] = lawmaker, legislator<br>\n<strong>reachdadaireachd<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xg&#601;d&#618;r&#690;&#601;xg] = legislature<br>\n<strong>reachdail<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xgdal] = legislative, statutory<br>\n<strong>reachdas<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;&#603;xg&#601;s] = legislation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*rrei&theta;<\/strong> = rule, law<br>\n<strong>*ku&beta;&#771;rei&theta;<\/strong> = law (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reyth, reith, rhaith<\/strong> = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict<br>\n<strong>cyfreith, kiureith, kefreyth<\/strong> [&#712;k&#601;vrai&#815;&theta;] = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rhaith<\/strong> [r&#805;ai&#815;&theta;] = law, rule, decree, rightness, justice, right (to smth), recompense, atonement, judgement, verdict<br>\n<strong>rhaithgor<\/strong> = jury<br>\n<strong>cyfraith<\/strong> [&#712;k&#601;vrai&#815;&theta;] = law, legislation, statute, custom, usage, jurisprudence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reyth<\/strong> = regular, right, religious law<br>\n<strong>reythennek, reythednek<\/strong> = statutory<br>\n<strong>reythen<\/strong> = statute<br>\n<strong>reythe<\/strong> = to authorise, codify, empower, entitle, qualify<br>\n<strong>reythes<\/strong> = authorised, empowered, enacted, entitled, qualified<br>\n<strong>reythyans<\/strong> = enactment, jurispridence, lawmaking, legislation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reith<\/strong> = law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rez, reiz<\/strong> = law<br>\n<strong>rezder<\/strong> = law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reizh<\/strong> = right, just, correct, order, normal<br>\n<strong>reizhad<\/strong> = regular<br>\n<strong>reizhadenn<\/strong> = rectification, corrected<br>\n<strong>reizhadur<\/strong> = adjustment<br>\n<strong>reizhan<\/strong> = to correct, adapt, regular, initiate<br>\n<strong>reizhded<\/strong> = correctness, rectitude, normality<br>\n<strong>reizhder<\/strong> = regularity<br>\n<strong>reizhegezh<\/strong> = legitimacy<br>\n<strong>reizhek<\/strong> = legitimate<br>\n<strong>reizhekaat<\/strong> = to legitimize<br>\n<strong>reizhennan<\/strong> = to regulate<br>\n<strong>reizhus<\/strong> = legal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><a id=\"hreg\"><\/a><br>\n<strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h&#8323;re&#501;-<\/em> (to straighten, to righten) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/rextus\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE root include <strong>rail<\/strong>, <strong>rank<\/strong>, <strong>realm<\/strong>, <strong>regime<\/strong>, <strong>rule<\/strong> and <strong>regulation<\/strong> in English, <strong>r&#281;&#769;&#382;ti<\/strong> (to stretch) in Lithuanian, <strong>r&egrave;gle<\/strong> (rule, regulation) in French, and <strong>regla<\/strong> (rule, ruler) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/rextus\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r&iacute;agal, r&iacute;agul<\/strong> = rule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r&iacute;agal, riagoil, riaguil<\/strong> = rule, authority<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>riail<\/strong> [&#638;&#736;i&#601;l&#690;] = rule, regulation, principle, sway, authority, order<br>\n<strong>rialach&aacute;n<\/strong> = regulation<br>\n<strong>rial&uacute;ch&aacute;n<\/strong> = regulation, control<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>riaghail<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.al] = rule, govern, administer<br>\n<strong>riaghailt<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.&#601;ld&#690;] = rule, regulation, government<br>\n<strong>riaghailteach<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.&#601;l&#810;&#736;d&#690;&#601;x] = regular, according to rule, orderly<br>\n<strong>riaghailteachadh<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.ald&#690;&#601;x&#601;&#611;] = (act of) formulating, regulating, adjusting, adjustment<br>\n<strong>riaghailteachas<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.ald&#690;&#601;x&#601;s] = regulatory<br>\n<strong>riaghailteachd<\/strong> = regularity, moderation<br>\n<strong>riaghailtear<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.ald&#690;&#601;r] = regulator<br>\n<strong>riaghailtearachd<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.ald&#690;&#601;r&#601;xg] = administration<br>\n<strong>riaghal<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;i&#601;.&#601;l&#810;&#736;] = rule<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reill<\/strong> = code, dominion, governance, policy, principle, reign; to charge, govern, order, regulate, rule<br>\n<strong>reilley<\/strong> = to regulate, reign, rule; ruling<br>\n<strong>reilleyder<\/strong> = governor, regulator, ruler, straight edge<br>\n<strong>reilt<\/strong> = normal, to rule<br>\n<strong>reiltagh<\/strong> = director, ordinal, president, rector, ruler; decisive, ruling, regular<br>\n<strong>reiltys<\/strong> = governance, rule, kingdom, dominion, government<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*rre&#611;ol<\/strong> = rule (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ryol, reol, rhwol<\/strong> = rule, regulation, procedure, order, custom, pattern, government, dominion<br>\n<strong>rhyolaeth, reolaeth<\/strong> = rule, control, management, authority, discipline<br>\n<strong>rwyoli, reoli, ryoli, rhywoli<\/strong> = to rule, control, direct, govern<br>\n<strong>roliad<\/strong> = rule, control, government<br>\n<strong>ryolus, reolus, rheolus, rreolys<\/strong> = regular, orderly, disciplined, moderate, consant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rheol<\/strong> [&#712;r&#805;e&#720;.&#596;l] = rule, regulation, procedure, order, custom, pattern, government, dominion<br>\n<strong>rheol(i)aeth<\/strong> = rule, control, management, authority, discipline<br>\n<strong>rheoli<\/strong> = to rule, control, direct, govern<br>\n<strong>rheolaidd<\/strong> = regular, regulated, orderly<br>\n<strong>rheoliad<\/strong> = rule, control, government<br>\n<strong>rheolus<\/strong> = regular, orderly, disciplined, moderate, consant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reol, rowl, rovle<\/strong> = rule, government<br>\n<strong>rowler<\/strong> = ruler, governor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rewl, rowl<\/strong> = regulation, rule<br>\n<strong>rewlya, rowlya<\/strong> = to control, regulate, rule<br>\n<strong>rewlyades, rowlyades<\/strong> = ruler (f)<br>\n<strong>rewlyas, rowlyas<\/strong> = ruler (m)<br>\n<strong>rewlys<\/strong> = regular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>regul<\/strong> = rule, regulation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reul, reol, reoll<\/strong> = rule, regulation<br>\n<strong>reulenn<\/strong> = rule<br>\n<strong>reulennaff<\/strong> = to regulate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reol<\/strong> = rule, principle, regime<br>\n<strong>reolennadur<\/strong> = regulation<br>\n<strong>reolennan<\/strong> = to regulate<br>\n<strong>reoliadur<\/strong> = regulation<br>\n<strong>reoliata<\/strong> = to regulate<br>\n<strong>reoliek<\/strong> = regular<br>\n<strong>reolius<\/strong> = regulatory<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Latin <em>r&#275;gula<\/em> (rule, bar, ruler), from <em>reg&#333;<\/em> (I rule, govern, direct, guide, steer, control), from Proto-Italic <em>*reg&#333;<\/em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h&#8323;r&eacute;&#501;eti<\/em> (to be straightening, to be setting upright), from <em>*h&#8323;re&#501;-<\/em> (to straighten, to righten) &ndash; <a href=\"#hreg\">see above<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/regula#Latin\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lagh<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;] = law<br>\n<strong>laghachd<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;&#601;xg] = legislation<br>\n<strong>laghadh<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;&#601;&#611;] = legalising, legalisation<br>\n<strong>laghaiche<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;&#618;&ccedil;&#601;] = lawyer, solicitor<br>\n<strong>laghaichte<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;&#618;&ccedil;d&#690;&#601;] = legalised<br>\n<strong>laghail<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;al] = legal, lawful, litigious, argumentative<br>\n<strong>laghaileachd<\/strong> [l&#810;&#736;&#612;&#611;al&#601;xg] = lawfulness, legality<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>leigh<\/strong> = enactment, law, respect<br>\n<strong>leighagh<\/strong> = legal, litigious<br>\n<strong>leighder<\/strong> = lawyer, advocate, attorney, barrister, council<br>\n<strong>leighoil<\/strong> = lawful, legal, legislative, legitimate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from English <strong>law<\/strong>, or Middle English <em>lawe\/la&#541;e<\/em> (law, regulation, morality), or Old English <em>lagu<\/em> (law, rule, right), all of which come from Old Norse <em>l&#491;g<\/em> (law, rule, right), from Proto-Germanic <em>*lag&#261;<\/em> (situation, law, a settled amount), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*leg&#688;-<\/em> (to lie [down]). The English words <strong>lie<\/strong> and <strong>lay<\/strong> come from the same roots [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/lagh#Scottish_Gaelic\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D&uacute;il B&eacute;lrai English &ndash; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &ndash; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language\">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionaryq.com\/gaelg\/\">Fockleyreen: Manx &ndash; English Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/corpus.gaelg.im\/\">Gaelg Corpus<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionnaires bilingues de Francis Favereau \/ Edition Skol Vreizh<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\" alt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for duty, debt, law, rule and related things in Celtic languages. Scottish Parliament \/ P\u00e0rlamaid na h-Alba \/ Scots Pairlament Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *dligeti = to be entitled to, be obligated to Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) dligid = to deserve, merit, be entitled to Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) dligid, dleagaid = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,17,26,75,19,20,44,25,61,182,21,83,3,36,110,22,5,6,77,37,7,27,8,71,10,70,105,11,12,67,13,60,106,23,137,82,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8624","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-celtiberian","category-kernewek-cornish","category-czech-cestina","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaulish","category-german","category-hungarian-magyar","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-latin","category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-english-englisch","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-english-aenglisc","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-norse-dnsk-tunga","category-polish-polski","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-proto-italic","category-russian-","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-slovak-slovencina","category-spanish-espanol","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8624","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8624"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8624\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8658,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8624\/revisions\/8658"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}