{"id":8435,"date":"2024-09-16T17:18:08","date_gmt":"2024-09-16T16:18:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8435"},"modified":"2024-09-16T17:18:08","modified_gmt":"2024-09-16T16:18:08","slug":"leader-in-chief","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/09\/16\/leader-in-chief\/","title":{"rendered":"Leader in Chief"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>chief<\/strong>, <strong>leader<\/strong>, <strong>prince<\/strong>  and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/number10gov\/53863639846\/in\/photolist-ifvQMY-ifwhMa-WSJcGe-21HWePX-RDJEY9-2q4L8j6-ifvWpC-ifwim6-AbAJF5-QqM3PU-2q4Kexn-2ndcNc2-ifvwLX-2q4KexC-2q4Lp4i-HMuvsu-9sqx2e-JDFnLx-2qeTBiZ-ifyxdJ-2q4Lp3M-2ikJmC6-2q4KxVg-2od2vSc-2ocYUUB-2qeRnbS-2qeTBrp-9tXaX4-2ikFUb9-8cN6Jf-RDJFdC-2qeNrcZ-KxgNMy-7yfoFe-2qeSXNU-2ikKx6V-2nd5MHU-KtcX3P-2ikFUd3-KxgPa7-2qeQ2Xb-2qeNqJ4-GURqXP-2ikFUaN-2qeTzAg-xZAku-2qePDPh-2n8gaJw-2n8gwH2-KxgNFb\" title=\"Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/53863639846_337694485f_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" alt=\"Prime Minister Keir Starmer meets Irish Taoiseach\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus<\/strong> = act of leading, beginning, leadership<br \/>\n<strong>*towiss\u0101kos<\/strong> = chief, primary, first<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Primitive Irish<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u1688\u1691\u1683\u1694\u1684\u1690\u1689\u1694<\/strong> (tovisaci) = chief (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00fas, tuus<\/strong> [tu\u02d0s] = beginning, forefront<br \/>\n<strong>to\u00edsech<\/strong> [\u02c8to\u02d0i\u032fs\u02b2\u0259x] = leader, chief, first, initial, primary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00fas, tuus<\/strong> = act of leading, forefront, precedence, pre-eminence, rank<br \/>\n<strong>to\u00edsech, t\u00f3sich, toissech<\/strong> = first, former, prior, first in importance, sooner, leader, chief<br \/>\n<strong>to\u00edsechda<\/strong> = first<br \/>\n<strong>to\u00edsecht, taiseachda, taiseachta<\/strong> = chieftainship, act of leading<br \/>\n<strong>to\u00edsenach, taoisinach<\/strong> = leadership, chieftainship<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00fas<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0u\u02d0s\u02e0] = beginning, commencement, start, origin, forward, leading, position, precedence, pick, choice<br \/>\n<strong>taoiseach<\/strong> [\u02c8t\u032a\u02e0i\u02d0\u0283\u0259x] = chieftain, leader, man of substance, important person, decent\/generous person ; first, former<br \/>\n<strong>Taoiseach<\/strong> = (Irish) Prime Minister, Taoiseach<br \/>\n<strong>taoiseacht<\/strong> = chieftainship, leadership<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00f9s<\/strong> [tu\u02d0s] = beginning, origin, inception<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00f2iseach<\/strong> [t\u0254\u0283\u0259x] = beginning, front, van, forefront, bow (of a ship); chief of a clan or tribe<br \/>\n<strong>T\u00f2iseach<\/strong> [t\u0254\u02d0\u0283\u026a\u00e7] = a Macintosh, any member of Clan MacKintosh<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00f2iseachail<\/strong> [t\u0254\u0283\u0259xal] = primitive, rudimentary<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00f2iseachd<\/strong> [t\u0254\u0283\u0259xg] = (act of) beginning, starting, precedence<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tosh<\/strong> = chieftain<br \/>\n<strong>toshiagh<\/strong> = chief(tain), leader, premier, offset, toe, forepart<br \/>\n<strong>toshiaght<\/strong> = beginning, fore(front), lead, opening, outset, bow (of a ship)<br \/>\n<strong>Toshiaght Arree<\/strong> = February (&#8220;start of spring&#8221;)<br \/>\n<strong>Toshiaght Fouyir<\/strong> = August (&#8220;start of autumn&#8221;)<br \/>\n<strong>Toshiaght Gheuree<\/strong> = November (&#8220;start of winter&#8221;)<br \/>\n<strong>toshiaghey<\/strong> = to begin, start, initiate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*togw\u0268s<\/strong> = leadership<br \/>\n<strong>*tow\u0268ss\u1ecdg<\/strong> = leader, chief, king, prince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tywys<\/strong> = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance<br \/>\n<strong>towys, tywyssav<\/strong> = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct<br \/>\n<strong>touyssoc, tywyssa\u1efdc, tywyssavc, tywyssawc, ty\u1efdyssa\u1efdc <\/strong> = prince, lore, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader<br \/>\n<strong>tehuyokaet, tywyssogaeth<\/strong> = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty<br \/>\n<strong>tywysoges<\/strong> = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tywys<\/strong> [t\u0259u\u032f.\u02c8is] = forward position, front, fore, leader, lead, guidance<br \/>\n<strong>tywysu, tywys(i)o<\/strong> = to lead, guide, show the way, escort, direct<br \/>\n<strong>tywysiad<\/strong> = leading, leadership, guidance, direction, introduction, (water) conduit<br \/>\n<strong>tywysog<\/strong> [t\u0259u\u032f.\u02c8\u0259s\u0254\u0261\/\u02c8tw\u0259s\u0254\u0261] = prince, lord, sovereign, leader, ruler, governor, captain, guide, leader<br \/>\n<strong>tywysog(i)aeth<\/strong> = principality, kingdom, rule, reign, sovereignty, supremacy, government<br \/>\n<strong>tywysogaidd<\/strong> = princely, royal, noble, splendid<br \/>\n<strong>tywysoges<\/strong> = princess, female sovereign, ruler or leader<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>toguisoc<\/strong> = ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*towissus<\/em> (leadership), <em>*to-<\/em> (to(wards)) and <em>*wissus<\/em> (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European <em>*w\u00e9ydtus<\/em>, from <em>*weyd-<\/em> (to see) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/towiss%C4%81kos\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>pavilion<\/strong> in English, <strong>papillon<\/strong> (butterfly, brilliant, versatile and inconstant person) in French, <strong>farfalla<\/strong> (butterfly, bow tie, butterly-shaped pasta) in Italian, <strong>papion<\/strong> (bowtie) in Romanian, <strong>paipala<\/strong> (quail) in Latvian [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/weyd-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00faachtar\u00e1n<\/strong> = chief, leader<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00faachtar\u00e1n, uachtar\u00e1n<\/strong> = head, leader, chief, president, governor, ruler, overseer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uachtar\u00e1n<\/strong> [u\u0259xt\u032a\u02e0\u0259\u027e\u02e0\u0251\u02d0n\u02e0] = president, head, superior, headmaster, landowner (<em>archaic<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>Uachtar\u00e1n<\/strong> = President<br \/>\n<strong>uachtar\u00e1nacht<\/strong> = presidency, authority, power<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uachdaran<\/strong> [u\u0259xg\u0259ran] = laird, landowner, proprietor, superior<br \/>\n<strong>uachdaranach<\/strong> [u\u0259xg\u0259r\u0259n\u0259x] = superior, paramount<br \/>\n<strong>uachdaranachd<\/strong> [u\u0259xg\u0259r\u0259n\u0259xg] = dominion, supremacy<br \/>\n<strong>uachdaranas<\/strong> [u\u0259xgran\u0259s] = jurisdiction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>eaghtyran(e)<\/strong> = president, superior, chief<br \/>\n<strong>eaghtyraneagh<\/strong> = presidential<br \/>\n<strong>eaghtyraneys<\/strong> = presidency<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Old Irish <em>*\u00faachtar<\/em> (surface, top, cream), from Proto-Celtic <em>*ouxteros<\/em> (upper), from <em>*(o)uxs-<\/em> (up) and <em>*wissus<\/em> (knowledge), Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2083ewp-<\/em> (up) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%C3%BAachtar%C3%A1n#Middle_Irish\">source<\/a>]. Words for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/11\/10\/up-above\/\">Up Above<\/a>, etc in Celtic languages come from the same roots.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*penno-tam-\u012bkos<\/strong> = chief, leader<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pendewic, pen(n)deuic, pendefig<\/strong> = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman<br \/>\n<strong>pendevigiaeth, pendeuigaeth<\/strong> = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power<br \/>\n<strong>pendevigyeid<\/strong> = aristocratic, noble<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pendefig<\/strong> = chief, leader, ruler, king, prince, lord, noble(man), gentleman<br \/>\n<strong>pendefigaeth<\/strong> = kingship, principality, supremacy, pre-eminence, domination, government, power<br \/>\n<strong>pendefig(i)aidd<\/strong> = aristocratic, noble<br \/>\n<strong>pendefiges<\/strong> = queen, lady, peeress, noblewoman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>pendeuig<\/strong> = prince, chief, noble(man)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pendevig, pensevic, pednz(h)ivig<\/strong> = prince, chief, noble(man), principal<br \/>\n<strong>pednzivigian<\/strong> = nobility, gentry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pennseviges, pednsyviges<\/strong> = princess<br \/>\n<strong>pennsevigeth<\/strong> = principality<br \/>\n<strong>pennsevik, pednsyvik<\/strong> = chief, noble, prince<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>*pendemic<\/strong> = rich (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pynuizyc, pinuisic, pinuizic<\/strong> = rich man<br \/>\n<strong>pinuizigaez<\/strong> = wealth<br \/>\n<strong>pinuizic, pinuzic<\/strong> = rich<br \/>\n<strong>pinuizicat<\/strong> = to enrich, to get rich<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pinvidik<\/strong> [p\u0129n\u02c8vi\u02d0dik] = rich<br \/>\n<strong>pinvidikaat<\/strong> = to enrich, to get rich<br \/>\n<strong>pinvidikaerezh<\/strong> = enrichment, wealth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Brythonic <em>*penno-tamos<\/em> = the most in chief, from <em>*penn<\/em> (head), from Proto-Celtic <em>*k\u02b7ennom<\/em> (head), the origins of which are not known [<a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/pinvidik\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<p>More words for prince, chief, ruler, etc can be found in the Celtiadur posts <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/04\/09\/lord-ruler\/\">Lord, Ruler<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2021\/07\/23\/country-and-land\/\">Country and Land<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for chief, leader, prince and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *towissus, *tuwestus *tuwissus = act of leading, beginning, leadership *towiss\u0101kos = chief, primary, first Primitive Irish \u1688\u1691\u1683\u1694\u1684\u1690\u1689\u1694 (tovisaci) = chief (?) Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) t\u00fas, tuus [tu\u02d0s] = beginning, forefront to\u00edsech [\u02c8to\u02d0i\u032fs\u02b2\u0259x] = leader, chief, first, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[134,16,26,19,20,44,21,83,3,109,22,5,6,37,7,8,9,10,42,11,12,120],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8435","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-belarusian--","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-latvian-latviesu-valoda","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-old-breton","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-primitive-irish","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-romanian-limba-romana"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8435","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8435"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8435\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8440,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8435\/revisions\/8440"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8435"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8435"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8435"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}