{"id":8393,"date":"2024-08-27T13:00:13","date_gmt":"2024-08-27T12:00:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8393"},"modified":"2024-08-27T13:00:13","modified_gmt":"2024-08-27T12:00:13","slug":"yoked-bonds","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/08\/27\/yoked-bonds\/","title":{"rendered":"Yoked Bonds"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>yoke<\/strong>, <strong>bond<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/bcmom\/218125539\/in\/photolist-kgX8a-xy6a-F1fx4-tBwgi-F18HB-F17PA-9frZtZ-F1dzp-F1cRs-F1dk5-F1dPA-F1fQN-6r7VMo-4wafLN-F1e4a-9iEWGw-b6Mjs-tBwge-8feNnK-7W79ag-fvJBzX-72TbWm-2oRdYkC-96pPAN-Kcdjr-8fKL1e-4neB4Z-2mYpcxd-x5r8sV-2oyjwq7-2oUBroH-tBwgg-u2bQt-2kUunSB-9CjmP1-2oNt7F7-4neBj2-2nL2LDg-U7CQEp-PZzGHE-p2FKq-p2FJV-p2FN8-p2FNu-p2FLi-p2FPk-qL7jrZ-mLYbj5-2bHqPQ-38u6Jv\" title=\"Yoked\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/85\/218125539_55cbba2f41_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" alt=\"Yoked\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*yugom<\/strong> = yoke<br \/>\n<strong>*komyungis<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*yugom<\/strong> = yoke (?)<br \/>\n<strong>*Weryugos<\/strong> = <em>personal name<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cuing<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cuing, coing<\/strong> = yoke, burden, duty, sway, discipline, behaviour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cuing<\/strong> [ki\u02d0\u0272\u025f\/k\u026a\u0272] = yoke, bond, obligation, tie, beam, narrow neck of land (as between two lakes)<br \/>\n<strong>cuingealach<\/strong> = jugular<br \/>\n<strong>cuingigh<\/strong> = to yoke, enjoin<br \/>\n<strong>cuingir<\/strong> = yoke, pair, couple, group, herd<br \/>\n<strong>cuingle\u00e1nach<\/strong> = yoked<br \/>\n<strong>cuingrigh<\/strong> = yoke, couple<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cuing<\/strong> [k\u026f\u0303\u0129\u014b\u02b2g\u02b2] = yoke, asthma, bond, obligation<br \/>\n<strong>cuinge<\/strong> [k\u026f\u0303\u0129\u014b\u02b2g\u02b2\u0259] = narrow place, passage, pass, difficulty, limitation<br \/>\n<strong>cuingeach<\/strong> [k\u026f\u0303\u0129\u014b\u02b2g\u02b2\u0259x] = asthmatic<br \/>\n<strong>cuingeachadh<\/strong> [k\u026f\u0303\u0129\u014b\u02b2g\u02b2\u0259x\u0259\u0263] = (act of) yoking, abridgement, constraining, restricting, constraint<br \/>\n<strong>cuingeachail<\/strong> [k\u026fi\u014b\u02b2g\u02b2\u0259xal] = limiting, restrictive<br \/>\n<strong>cuingealach<\/strong> [k\u026f\u0303\u0129\u014b\u02b2g\u02b2\u0259l\u032a\u02e0\u0259x] = restricted, shackled, constricted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>quing<\/strong> = yoke, brace, team of oxen, (balance) beam<br \/>\n<strong>quingaghey<\/strong> = to subjugate, yoke<br \/>\n<strong>quingey<\/strong> = to yoke<br \/>\n<strong>quingit<\/strong> = yoked<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*j\u1ecdw<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>iou<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>iou, yeu, iau, jav<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>iau<\/strong> [ja\u0268\u032f\/jai\u032f] = yoke, pair of oxen, sway, dominion, authority, discipline, oppression<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>ieu<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>yeu<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>yew<\/strong> = yoke<br \/>\n<strong>war yew<\/strong> = onward<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>yeu, yau<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>yev<\/strong> [jew] = yoke, servitude<br \/>\n<strong>yevad<\/strong> = yoke, hitch, team, coupling<br \/>\n<strong>yevan, yeva\u00f1<\/strong> = to yoke, subjugate, enslave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*yug\u00f3m<\/em> (yoke) or <em>*yung<\/em>, from <em>*yewg-<\/em> (to join, yoke, tie together) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/yugom\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>adjunct<\/strong>, <strong>conjugate<\/strong>, <strong>join<\/strong>, <strong>jugular<\/strong>, <strong>junction<\/strong>, <strong>yoga<\/strong> and <strong>yoke<\/strong> in English, <strong>joindre<\/strong> (to join up, reach, contact) in French, and <strong>junto<\/strong> (together, joined, next to) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/yewg-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*wedos<\/strong> = yoke, harness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fedan<\/strong> = band, carrying, company, drawing<br \/>\n<strong>feidid<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0278\u02b2e\u00f0\u02b2i\u00f0\u02b2] = to bring, lead<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fedan, feadhan, fedhain<\/strong> = (act of) carrying, conveying, carriage, harness, band, company, part, some<br \/>\n<strong>feidid, fedid<\/strong> = to bring, lead, refer, apply<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>feadhain<\/strong> = band, troop, company<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>feadhain<\/strong> = team of horses<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fwirran<\/strong> = staff, team<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gued, guet, gved, gwedd<\/strong> = yoke, harness<br \/>\n<strong>guedu, gwedha<\/strong> = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked<br \/>\n<strong>gwedeu, guedeu<\/strong> = traces, draught-harness<br \/>\n<strong>gwedhau<\/strong> = to submit, pay homage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwedd<\/strong> [\u0261we\u02d0\u00f0] = yoke, harness, team (of horses, oxen, etc), bondage, captivity, submission, humility, homage, offspring, progeny, children<br \/>\n<strong>gweddaf, gweddu<\/strong> = to be coupled with a yoke, be yoked, submit, humble oneself<br \/>\n<strong>gweddau<\/strong> = traces, draught-harness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*wed\u02b0-<\/em> (to bind, secure, pledge, guarantee, lead) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/wedos\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>gage<\/strong>, <strong>wage<\/strong>, <strong>wager<\/strong> and <strong>wed<\/strong> in English, <strong>Wette<\/strong> (bet) in German, and <strong>gage<\/strong> (pledge, guarantee, deposit) in French [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/yewg-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>m\u00e1m<\/strong> [ma\u02d0m] = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>m\u00e1m<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>m\u00e1m<\/strong> = yoke<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: ? [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/m%C3%A1m#Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for yoke, bond and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *yugom = yoke *komyungis = (?) Gaulish *yugom = yoke (?) *Weryugos = personal name Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) cuing = yoke Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) cuing, coing = yoke, burden, duty, sway, discipline, behaviour Irish (Gaeilge) cuing [ki\u02d0\u0272\u025f\/k\u026a\u0272] [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,44,25,61,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,9,10,40,11,12,13,23,82,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8393","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaulish","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8393","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8393"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8393\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8394,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8393\/revisions\/8394"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8393"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8393"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8393"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}