{"id":8335,"date":"2024-08-06T18:27:34","date_gmt":"2024-08-06T17:27:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8335"},"modified":"2024-08-06T18:27:34","modified_gmt":"2024-08-06T17:27:34","slug":"habitual-customs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/08\/06\/habitual-customs\/","title":{"rendered":"Habitual Customs"},"content":{"rendered":"

Words for habit<\/strong>, custom<\/strong>, virtue<\/strong>, moral(ity)<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n

\"Habitual<\/p>\n

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*banssus<\/strong> = custom, habit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gaulish<\/th>\nbessu<\/strong> = customs, habits<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\nb\u00e9s, b\u00e9ss, b\u01fds<\/strong> = custom, habit
\nb\u00e9sad<\/strong> = custom, customary practice
\nb\u00e9sgnae<\/strong> = custom, discipline, law<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nb\u00e9s, b\u00e9sse, bes<\/strong> = habit, custom, usual procedure, practice, manner, way, moral(s), good behaviour
\nb\u00e9sach<\/strong> = mannerly, well-behaviour
\nb\u00e9said<\/strong> = moralist (?)
\nb\u00e9sgnae<\/strong> = custom, usage, discipline, protocol
\nb\u00e9stae<\/strong> = moral<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\nb\u00e9as<\/strong> [b\u02b2i\u02d0a\u032fs\u02e0\/b\u02b2e\u02d0s\u02e0] = habit, moral habit
\nb\u00e9asa<\/strong> = conduct, manners
\nb\u00e9asach<\/strong> = well-mannered, mannerly, polite
\nb\u00e9asa\u00edocht<\/strong> = mannerliness, politness
\nb\u00e9ascna<\/strong> = mode of conduct, custom, usage, culture
\nb\u00e9asmh\u00faineadh<\/strong> = teaching of good manners<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\nbeus<\/strong> [be\u02d0s] = moral(s), virtue, conduct, demeanour
\nbeus-e\u00f2las<\/strong> = ethics, moral philosophy
\nbeusach<\/strong> [be\u02d0s\u0259x] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
\nbeusachd<\/strong> [be\u02d0s\u0259xg] = good behaviour, moral rectitude, etiquette
\nbeusail<\/strong> [be\u02d0sal] = moral, virtuous, ethical, chaste, modest
\nbeusalachd<\/strong> [be\u02d0s\u0259l\u032a\u02e0\u0259xg] = ethics, moral behaviour
\nbeusanta<\/strong> [be\u02d0s\u0259n\u032a\u02e0d\u0259] = ethical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\nbeaoil<\/strong> = moral, living
\nbeasagh<\/strong> = civil(ized), decorous, moral, obedient, pliable<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*bo\u0268s<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\nmoes<\/strong> = habit, wont, custom, tradition
\nmoeseidd, moesaidd<\/strong> = courteous, polite, well-bred
\nmoesgar, moes gar<\/strong> = courteous, polite, refined
\nmoessic<\/strong> = courteous, where courtesy is found
\nmoessauc, moessawc, moessoc<\/strong> = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
\nmoes(s)sawl<\/strong> = moral, ethical<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\nmoes<\/strong> [mo\u02d0\u0268\u032fs \/ m\u0254i\u032fs] = established or usual behaviour, habit, wont, custom, tradition, social convention, courtesy, civility, manners, etiquette
\nmoesau, moesoedd<\/strong> = morals, moral principle(s)
\nmoesgar<\/strong> = courteous, polite, refined, well-mannered, civil
\nmoesog<\/strong> = polite, well-bred, seemly, deferential
\nmoesol<\/strong> = moral, ethical, high-principled
\nanfoesol, di-foes<\/strong> = immoral<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\nboas<\/strong> = custom, habit
\nboaset<\/strong> = accustomed, trained, habitually<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\nboaz<\/strong> [\u02c8bw\u0251\u02d0s] = custom, habit
\nboazamant<\/strong> = practice, tradition
\nboaza\u00f1<\/strong> [\u02c8bw\u0251\u02d0z\u00e3] = to get used to
\nboazet<\/strong> = accustomed, trained, habitually<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European *b\u02b0end\u02b0-<\/em> (to bind, bond), or from *b\u02b0eyd\u02b0-<\/em> (to compel, force, trust) [source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n

Words from the same PIE root include bide<\/strong>, confide<\/strong>, defy<\/strong>, faith<\/strong>, federal<\/strong> and infidelity<\/strong> in English, bes\u00eb<\/strong> (pledge, oath, promise, vow) in Albanian, bei\u00f0a<\/strong> (to ask, request) in Icelandic, and \u0431\u0435\u0434\u044f<\/strong> (bedj\u00e1 – to accuse, slander, persuade) in Bulgarian [source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*gn\u0101tos<\/strong> = known, recognised
\n*angn\u0101tos<\/strong> = unknown, obscure
\n*gnin\u0101ti<\/strong> = to recognise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gaulish<\/th>\ngniiou<\/strong> = I recognise (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\ngn\u00e1th<\/strong> [\u0261na\u02d0\u03b8] = customary, usual
\ngn\u00e1thach<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261na\u02d0\u03b8ax] = customary, usual, constant, familiar, well-known
\ngn\u00e1thaigid<\/strong> = to frequent, inhabit, practise
\ningnad<\/strong> = strange, unusual, wonderful, marvel, miracle, wonder<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\ngn\u00e1th<\/strong> = customary, usual, familiar, well-known, custom, wont, usage
\ngn\u00e1thaid<\/strong> = to practise, use, be accustomed to
\ngn\u00e1thaigid<\/strong> = to be accustomed to, practise, frequent, inhabit
\ngn\u00e1tham<\/strong> = custom, wont, habit
\ngn\u00e1the<\/strong> = usualness, frequency
\ngn\u00e1thmar<\/strong> = wonted, customary
\ningnad, ingn\u00e1th, ingnuth<\/strong> = strange, wonderful, remarkable, unusual, unfamiliar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ngn\u00e1th<\/strong> [\u0261n\u032a\u02e0\u0251\u02d0\/\u0261\u027e\u02e0\u0251\u02d0\/\u0261\u027e\u02e0\u00e6\u02d0] = custom, usage, customary thing, haunt, resort
\ngn\u00e1ch<\/strong> [\u0261n\u032a\u02e0\u0251\u0303\u02d0x\/\u0261\u027e\u02e0\u0251\u02d0x] = customary, usual, common, ordinary
\ngn\u00e1thaigh<\/strong> = to make a habit of, practise, frequent, haunt
\ngn\u00e1tha\u00edocht<\/strong> = commonness, frequency, usage, wont
\ngn\u00e1thamh<\/strong> = usage, custom, procedure, routine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\ngn\u00e0th<\/strong> [gr\u00e3\u02d0] = usual, common
\ngn\u00e0thach<\/strong> [gr\u00e3\u02d0.\u0259x] = conventional, routine, habitual, orthodox
\ngn\u00e0thachadh<\/strong> [gr\u00e3.\u0259x\u0259\u0263] = accustoming, practising, rehearsing, custom, practice, rehearsal
\ngn\u00e0thachail<\/strong> [gr\u00e3\u02d0.\u0259xal] = customary
\ngn\u00e0thachas<\/strong> [gr\u00e3\u02d0.\u0259x\u0259s] = invariableness, constancy, convention, custom
\ngn\u00e0thachd<\/strong> [gr\u00e3\u02d0.\u0259xg] = customariness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*gn\u1ecdd<\/strong> = known, recognised<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\ngnaud, gnawd, gnawt, gnot<\/strong> = usual, customary, wont<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ngnawd<\/strong> [\u0261nau\u032fd] = usual, customary, wont, accustomed, natural, characteristic, known, frequent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\ngnas<\/strong> = character, nature, temper, quality
\ngnasek<\/strong> = natural
\ngnasen<\/strong> = trait<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\ngnot<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European *\u01f5n\u0325h\u2083t\u00f3s<\/em> (known, recognisable), from *\u01f5neh\u2083-<\/em> (to know, recognise) [source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n

Words from the same PIE roots include agnostic<\/strong>, canny<\/strong>, cognition<\/strong>, cunning<\/strong>, ignore<\/strong>, incognito<\/strong>, know<\/strong>, recognise<\/strong> in English, and noto<\/strong> (well-known, famous, notorious) in Italian [source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*kleto-<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\nclecht<\/strong> = custom, habit
\nclechtaid<\/strong> = to practise, ply<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nclecht<\/strong> = custom, wont, habit
\nclechtach<\/strong> = practised, experienced, customary
\nclechtaid<\/strong> = to become accustomed to, frequent, consort with, practise, ply<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ncleacht<\/strong> [cl\u02b2axt\u032a\u02e0] = to perform habitually, to be, to become accustomed to, to practise
\ncleachtach (ar, le)<\/strong> = accustomed (to)
\ncleachtadh<\/strong> [\u02c8cl\u02b2axt\u032a\u02e0\u0259\/\u02c8cl\u02b2axt\u032a\u02e0u] = habit, wont, practice, experience, exercise; to practise
\ncleachtas<\/strong> = practice
\ncleacht\u00f3ir<\/strong> = practitioner<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\ncleachd<\/strong> [kl\u025bxg] = use, employ, accustom, get used to, habituate, practise
\ncleachdach<\/strong> [kl\u025bxg\u0259x] = customary, habitual, usual
\ncleachdadh<\/strong> [kl\u025bxg\u0259\u0263] = using, use, convention, custom, habit
\ncleachdaiche<\/strong> [kl\u025bxg\u026a\u00e7\u0259] = consumer, user
\ncleachdail<\/strong> [kl\u025bxgal] = customary, habitual, usual
\ncleachdta<\/strong> [kl\u025bxd\u0259] = used to, accustomed to<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\ncliaghtey<\/strong> = habit, practice, rehearsal, usage, use; to rehearse, train, use, profess
\ncliaghtagh<\/strong> = habitual, customary, conventional
\ncliaghtaghey<\/strong> = to accustom, exercise, practise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *k\u02b7elh\u2081-<\/em> (to turn, revolve around, dwell) [source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*\u0278arebereti<\/strong> = to use<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\narbeir<\/strong> [ar\u02c8b\u02b2er\u02b2] = to live, use, employ, eat, reproach, subdue, express
\ndo\u00b7airbir<\/strong> = to bend, subdue, bow down, yield, surrender<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nar-beir, air-ber, arbeir<\/strong> = to live, eat, use, employ, plead, oppose, express, subdue, quell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*\u0117r\u03b2\u0117r\u0268d,<\/strong> = to make use of, employ, take<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Welsh (Kembraec)<\/th>\narber<\/strong> = to use, make use (of), employ<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\naruer, arfer, arver<\/strong> = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
\narber, arueru, arver, arfer<\/strong> = to use, make use (of), employ
\narueredic, arferedig<\/strong> = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
\narverog, arferoc<\/strong> = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary
\narferol, arverol, aruerol<\/strong> = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\narfer<\/strong> [\u02c8arv\u025br\/\u02c8arvar] = usage, practice, habit, custom, tradition
\narferaf, arfer(u)<\/strong> = to use, make use (of), employ
\narferedig<\/strong> = usual, habitual, customary, familiar
\narferiad<\/strong> = habit, usage, practice, custom
\narferol<\/strong> = usual, habitual, customary, familiar, common, ordinary, normal, regular<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Celtic *\u0278are-<\/em> (for(e)-) and *bereti<\/em> (to carry, bear, flow), from Proto-Indo-European *b\u02b0\u00e9reti<\/em> (to be carrying), from *b\u02b0er-<\/em> (to bear, carry) [source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n

Words for To Carry \/ Flow<\/a> in Celtic languages come from the same roots.<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a><\/p>\n

Sources: Wiktionary<\/a>, Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, Teanglann.ie<\/a>, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English – Old Irish glossary<\/a>, An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language<\/a>, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, TermOfis<\/a>, English – ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Words for habit, custom, virtue, moral(ity) and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *banssus = custom, habit Gaulish bessu = customs, habits Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) b\u00e9s, b\u00e9ss, b\u01fds = custom, habit b\u00e9sad = custom, customary practice b\u00e9sgnae = custom, discipline, law Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) b\u00e9s, b\u00e9sse, bes = […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,66,16,132,26,19,20,25,65,21,83,3,22,5,37,7,27,8,10,40,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8335","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-albanian","category-breton","category-bulgarian-","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-icelandic-islenska","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8335","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8335"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8335\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8341,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8335\/revisions\/8341"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8335"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8335"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8335"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}