{"id":8253,"date":"2024-06-28T12:05:17","date_gmt":"2024-06-28T11:05:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8253"},"modified":"2024-06-28T12:05:17","modified_gmt":"2024-06-28T11:05:17","slug":"a-shovelful-of-spades","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/06\/28\/a-shovelful-of-spades\/","title":{"rendered":"A Shovelful of Spades"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In this post we&#8217;re looking at words for <strong>shovel<\/strong>, <strong>spade<\/strong>, <strong>oar<\/strong>, and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/angies\/34355714\/in\/photolist-435KU-73jpzV-dek1Lb-tXGuqG-62mEnm-6wcYtW-2aTrvnr-dek1PQ-8jLriw-obAU5T-odpmv8-nSaufs-yzA2T-7QHVJD-8bmL9i-62hqxZ-nU8vZA-oby295-e9eZgH-oby3BL-G6HvMa-nU9B86-nU8U56-4RAWJa-2iZ9MPi-hyEde-Y8dGaq-objSKg-Q4NNf-odpdMH-8YuMKg-rtgCo-8mMK3n-8sZCC7-nU7AQt-nU7pq5-9b5H9A-9b2vMF-7UzGE2-7v9feU-9mrdfn-5NxBx5-84WpyK-9b2APV-nU8iNQ-nU8j5T-buY4NA-tsvHN-jkk4ws-odoHGD\" title=\"spades\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/22\/34355714_aa9f870362_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" alt=\"spades\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*r\u0101myos<\/strong> = oar, spade, shovel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r\u00e1ma<\/strong> = oar<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e1\u00efd<\/strong> = to row (with oars), sail, voyage<br \/>\n<strong>imm\u00b7r\u00e1<\/strong> = to row (about), navigate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r\u00e1m(a), r\u00e1mha<\/strong> = oar, spade<br \/>\n<strong>imm-r\u00e1, immar\u00e1<\/strong> = to row (around), navigate, go<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r\u00e1mh<\/strong> = oar<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e1mhach<\/strong> = oared<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e1mha\u00edocht<\/strong> = rowing, oarsmanship<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e1mhainn<\/strong> = spade, spade-length<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e1mha\u00ed<\/strong> = oarsman<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e1mhaigh<\/strong> = to row<br \/>\n<strong>iomair<\/strong> = to row<br \/>\n<strong>iomr\u00f3ir<\/strong> = oarsman, rower<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r\u00e0mh<\/strong> [r\u032a\u02e0a\u02d0v] = oar, paddle<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e0mhach<\/strong> [r\u032a\u02e0\u00e3\u02d0v\u0259x] = row(ing) boat, set of oars<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e0mhachd<\/strong> [r\u02e0\u032a\u00e3\u02d0v\u0259xg] = (act of) rowing, oar-making<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e0mhadh<\/strong> [r\u032a\u02e0a\u02d0v\u0259\u0263] = (act of) rowing<br \/>\n<strong>r\u00e0mhaiche, r\u00e0mhair<\/strong> [r\u032a\u02e0a\u02d0v\u026a\u00e7\u0259 \/ r\u032a\u02e0a\u02d0v\u025br\u02b2] = oarsman, rower<br \/>\n<strong>iomair<\/strong> [im\u026ar\u02b2] = to row (a boat)<br \/>\n<strong>iomramhaiche<\/strong> [im\u0259r\u0259v\u026a\u00e7\u0259] = oarsman, rower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>raue<\/strong> = rowing<br \/>\n<strong>raueder<\/strong> = rowing man<br \/>\n<strong>ymmyrt<\/strong> = oar, rowing, to row, to launch<br \/>\n<strong>ymmyrtagh<\/strong> = oarsman, rower, waterman, ferryman, rowing<br \/>\n<strong>reuyrey<\/strong> = to delve, dig (up), root, spade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*rr\u1ecd\u03b2<\/strong> = shovel, spade<br \/>\n<strong>*rru\u0268\u03b2\u0303<\/strong> = oar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rau, ra\u1efd, raw, rhaw<\/strong> = shovel, spade<br \/>\n<strong>rawyet, rhawieit<\/strong> = shoveful, spadeful<br \/>\n<strong>rwyf, r\u1efdyf, rwyff<\/strong> = oar, paddle<br \/>\n<strong>r\u1efdyua\u1efd, rhwyfo<\/strong> = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey<br \/>\n<strong>rhwyfwr<\/strong> = oarsman, rower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rhaw<\/strong> [r\u0325a\u02d0u\u032f \/ r\u0325au\u032f] = shovel, spade<br \/>\n<strong>rhaw(i)aid<\/strong> = shoveful, spadeful<br \/>\n<strong>rhawffon<\/strong> = spade, shovel, paddle<br \/>\n<strong>rhawiaf, rhawio, rhoddio, rhofio<\/strong> = to shovel, dig<br \/>\n<strong>rhawiwr<\/strong> = shoveller<br \/>\n<strong>rhwyf<\/strong> = oar, paddle<br \/>\n<strong>rhwyfadain, rhwyfaden<\/strong> = fin (of a fish), propeller<br \/>\n<strong>rhwyf(i)af, rhwyf(i)o<\/strong> = to row, travel (by sea), voyage, journey, agitate, shake, swing, wave<br \/>\n<strong>rhwyfwr<\/strong> = oarsman, rower, sailor, seaman, boatman, mariner<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>ruif<\/strong> = oar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ruif, rev<\/strong> = oar, ruler, king<br \/>\n<strong>ruifadur, revadar, ruivadur<\/strong> = rower, oarsman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reuv<\/strong> = shovel<br \/>\n<strong>reuv arader<\/strong> = ploughshare<br \/>\n<strong>rev<\/strong> = oar<br \/>\n<strong>revya<\/strong> = to row, paddle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>reuf<\/strong> = spade<br \/>\n<strong>reuff, roeuff<\/strong> = oar<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>roev<\/strong> = spade<br \/>\n<strong>roe\u00f1v<\/strong> [rw\u1ebd\u02b7] = rowing, oar<br \/>\n<strong>roenvier, roevier<\/strong> = rower, oarsman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2081reh\u2081-<\/em> (to row). Words from the same PIE root include <strong>row<\/strong>, <strong>rudder<\/strong> and <strong>Russia<\/strong> in English, <strong>roeien<\/strong> (to row [with oars]) and <strong>riem<\/strong> (oar, paddle) in Dutch, <strong>r\u00f3<\/strong> (to row, sail out to fish, rock backwards and forwards) in Icelandic, <strong>ro<\/strong> (to row, quickly hand over, pass) in Swedish, <strong>rame<\/strong> (oar, paddle) in French [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/h%E2%82%81reh%E2%82%81-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: the Brythonic words for oar come from Latin <em>r\u0113mus<\/em> (oar), from Proto-Italic <em>*r\u0113(z)mos<\/em>, from a PIE <em>*h\u2081reh\u2081-<\/em> (to row) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic\/rru%C9%A8%CE%B2%CC%83\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sl\u00faasat<\/strong> = shovel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sl\u00faasat, sl\u00faasad<\/strong> = shovel, paddle, tooth<br \/>\n<strong>sl\u00faaistech<\/strong> = shovel-like<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sluasaid<\/strong> = shovel, shovelful<br \/>\n<strong>sluaiste\u00e1il<\/strong> = to shovel, gather in large quantities, scoop<br \/>\n<strong>sluaisteog<\/strong> = (small) shovelful<br \/>\n<strong>sluaisteoir<\/strong> = shoveller<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sluasaid<\/strong> [sl\u032au\u0259sad\u02b2] = shovel, spade<br \/>\n<strong>sluaist<\/strong> [sl\u032au\u0259\u0283d\u02b2] = shovel, spade<br \/>\n<strong>sluaisreadh<\/strong> [sl\u032au\u0259\u0283r\u02b2\u0259\u0263] = shovelling, water washing up and down a beach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sleayst<\/strong> = shovel<br \/>\n<strong>sleaystey<\/strong> = to shovel, scoop, mix; shovelling, mixing<br \/>\n<strong>sleaysteyder<\/strong> = shoveller, scooper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: unknown [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/sluasaid\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>f\u00e0l<\/strong> [fa\u02d0l\u032a\u02e0] = scythe<br \/>\n<strong>f\u00e0ladair<\/strong> [fa\u02d0l\u032a\u02e0\u0259d\u026ar\u02b2] = scyther, reaper, mower<br \/>\n<strong>f\u00e0laireachd<\/strong> [fa\u02d0l\u032a\u02e0\u0259d\u026ar\u02b2\u0259xg] = scything, mowing<br \/>\n<strong>f\u00e0laid<\/strong> [fa\u02d0l\u032a\u02e0ad\u02b2] = scythe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>faayl<\/strong> = turfcutter, turfspade<br \/>\n<strong>foll<\/strong> = scythe<br \/>\n<strong>folderagh<\/strong> = to cut with a scythe, mowing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pelechi<\/strong> = cudgel, club, staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pal, p\u00e1l<\/strong> = spade, shovel<br \/>\n<strong>palach<\/strong> = cudgel, club, staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>p\u00e2l<\/strong> [pa\u02d0l] = spade, shovel, dug soil, tilth, a digging,<br \/>\n<strong>palach<\/strong> = cudgel, club, staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pal<\/strong> = spade, shove, mattock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pal<\/strong> = spade<br \/>\n<strong>palas<\/strong> = to dig, excavate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pal<\/strong> = shovel, spade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pal<\/strong> [p\u0251\u02d0l] = shovel, spade<br \/>\n<strong>palad<\/strong> [\u02c8p\u0251\u02d0lat] = shoveled<br \/>\n<strong>palat<\/strong> [\u02c8p\u0251\u02d0lat] = to dig<br \/>\n<strong>palerez<\/strong> [pa.\u02c8le\u02d0.res] = excavator<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*k\u02b7el-<\/em> (to turn). Words from the same PIE root include <strong>collar<\/strong>, <strong>cult<\/strong> and <strong>wheel<\/strong> in English, and <strong>Hals<\/strong> (neck, throat) in German [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/p%C3%A2l#Welsh\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this post we&#8217;re looking at words for shovel, spade, oar, and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *r\u0101myos = oar, spade, shovel Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) r\u00e1ma = oar r\u00e1\u00efd = to row (with oars), sail, voyage imm\u00b7r\u00e1 = to row (about), navigate Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) r\u00e1m(a), r\u00e1mha [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,26,19,20,61,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,10,40,11,12,13,23,135,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-tools","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8253"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8256,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8253\/revisions\/8256"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}