{"id":8073,"date":"2024-04-04T16:51:10","date_gmt":"2024-04-04T15:51:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=8073"},"modified":"2024-04-06T17:27:07","modified_gmt":"2024-04-06T16:27:07","slug":"ploughs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/04\/04\/ploughs\/","title":{"rendered":"Ploughs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>plough<\/strong>* and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/131806380@N05\/53185087983\/in\/photolist-2p2MtHz-5JqwN1-7En6RF-dcSRaQ-f1BjFK-f1BiEP-3gNkxG-f1BkDx-2iNpPx5-Dtq2M-7hChKh-UdsjDW-StHPFP-93pUKN-2iDobL6-9jpsBq-3aKAHu-4c6Kga-45kuBs-2iDsmPo-9wXeKH-2iDsk9u-KTmvpL-3kdkr-ABdtAR-TDESnv-AyUGW7-2hfYvVg-2hg29fA-3MWDvc-iJSpFd-2iMCQLy-2iDsm8J-bYEY5o-yFY2e-Ay59e-45ktPs-p6UwD7-Ay4SU-kTySwo-i5dya3-p6Vii4-i5dqmM-i5dyTC-EGVpG5-56gpVY-5JmgFi-56ceqK-7hChyf-uTGEHL\" title=\"Plough\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/53185087983_86452cb2b2_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" alt=\"Plough\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>*<strong>plough<\/strong> = <strong>plow<\/strong> for those of you in North America.<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*aratrom<\/strong> = plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arathar<\/strong> = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage<br \/>\n<strong>airid<\/strong> = to plough<br \/>\n<strong>airem<\/strong> = ploughman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle  Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arathar<\/strong> = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage<br \/>\n<strong>airem<\/strong> = ploughman, tiller<br \/>\n<strong>airid<\/strong> = to plough, till<br \/>\n<strong>airithe<\/strong> = ploughed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arathar<\/strong> = ploughing equipment, plough, ploughing (<em>literary<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>air<\/strong> = plough (<em>literary<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00e0rach<\/strong> [a\u02d0r\u0259x] = ploughshare, utensils for ploughing (<em>archaic<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>erroo<\/strong> = ploughman, tiller of land<br \/>\n<strong>errooid<\/strong> = cultivation, tillage, ploughmanship<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*aradr<\/strong> [a\u02c8radr] = plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aratrum, aradyr, aradr, aratr<\/strong> =  plough<br \/>\n<strong>aradrur, aradrwr<\/strong> = ploughman<br \/>\n<strong>arad\u1efdy, aradwy<\/strong> = arable or ploughed land<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aradr<\/strong> [\u02c8aradr\/\u02c8a\u02d0radr] = plough, the Plough<br \/>\n<strong>aradraf, aradu<\/strong> = to plough, till, cultivate<br \/>\n<strong>aradrswch<\/strong> = ploughshare<br \/>\n<strong>araduriaeth<\/strong> = (act of) ploughing, ploughmanship<br \/>\n<strong>aradrwr<\/strong> = ploughman<br \/>\n<strong>aradrwy<\/strong> = arable or ploughed land<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>aradar<\/strong> = plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aradar, ardar, aratum<\/strong> = plough<br \/>\n<strong>araderuur, arator<\/strong> = ploughmen<br \/>\n<strong>aras<\/strong> = to plough, till<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arader<\/strong> = plough<br \/>\n<strong>araderor<\/strong> = ploughman<br \/>\n<strong>aradow<\/strong> = arable<br \/>\n<strong>aras<\/strong> = to plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ararz, arazr<\/strong> = plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arar<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0251\u02d0rar] = plough<br \/>\n<strong>aradeg<\/strong> = ploughing, ploughing competition<br \/>\n<strong>aradenn<\/strong> = ploughing, surge of anger<br \/>\n<strong>arat<\/strong> = to plough, spin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2082\u00e9rh\u2083trom<\/em> (plough), from <em>*h\u2082erh\u2083-<\/em> (to plough) and <em>*-trom<\/em> (instrumental suffix). Words from the same roots include <strong>ard<\/strong> (a simple plough consisting of a spike dragged through the soil) in English, <strong>ar\u00f0ur<\/strong> (plough, profit, gain) in Icelandic, <strong>\u00e5rder<\/strong> (plough) in Swedish, <strong>ader<\/strong> (plough) in Estonian and <strong>arado<\/strong> (plough) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/h%E2%82%82%C3%A9rh%E2%82%83trom\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kanktus \/ *kanxtus<\/strong> = plough, plough beam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9cht<\/strong> = plough-beam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9cht, cecht<\/strong> = plough-beam, plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9achta<\/strong> [\u02c8ke\u02d0x.t\u032a\u02e0\u0259] =  plough<br \/>\n<strong>c\u00e9achta\u00edl<\/strong> =  ploughing<br \/>\n<strong>c\u00e9achtaire<\/strong> =  ploughwright<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ceuchd<\/strong> =  plough (<em>obsolete)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>keeaght<\/strong> [\u02c8ki.axt] = plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*kank\u0101<\/em> (branch), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*\u1e31ank-<\/em> (branch). Words from the same roots include <strong>g\u00e9ag<\/strong> (branch, bough, limb) in Irish, <strong>cainc<\/strong> (branch) in Welsh, <strong>gancio<\/strong> (hook) in Italian, and <strong>gancho<\/strong> (hook, peg) in Spanish  [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/kanktus\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trebaid<\/strong> = to cultivate, till, plough, inhabit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trebad<\/strong> = (act of) ploughing cultivating, husbandry<br \/>\n<strong>trebaid<\/strong> = to cultivate, till, plough, inhabit, dwell<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>treabh<\/strong> [\u02c8t\u02b2\u027e\u02b2av\u02e0\/\u02c8t\u02b2\u027e\u02b2\u0259u] = to plough; till, cultivate, occupy, inhabit (<em>literary<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>treabhadh<\/strong> = ploughing<br \/>\n<strong>treabhd\u00f3ir<\/strong> = ploughman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>treabh<\/strong> [tro] = to till (the ground), plough, cultivate, delve<br \/>\n<strong>treabhadh<\/strong> = ploughing<br \/>\n<strong>treabhta<\/strong> = ploughed, tilled, cultivated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>traaue<\/strong> = to plough (up), till, furrow, cleave, ploughing, tilling<br \/>\n<strong>traauee<\/strong> = ploughing, contributing, to tillage<br \/>\n<strong>traaueyder<\/strong> = ploughman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Old Irish <em>treb<\/em> (house(hold), farm, tribe), from Proto-Celtic <em>*treb\u0101<\/em> (dwelling), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*treb-<\/em> (dwelling, settlement) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/trebaid#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>]. For more related words, see the post about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/04\/15\/dwellings\/\">Towns and Tribes<\/a>.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwyd, guyd<\/strong> = (wooden frame of a) plough<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gw\u0177dd<\/strong> [\u0261w\u0268\u02d0\u00f0] = plough (<em>North Wales<\/em>), tree(s), branches, timber, masts, loom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table\n\n<strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Brythonic <em>*gw\u0268\u00f0<\/em> (wood, trees), from Proto-Celtic <em>*widus<\/em> (wood, trees), from PIE <em>*h\u2081weyd\u02b0h\u2081-<\/em> (to separate, split, cleave, divide) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/gw%C5%B7dd#Etymology_3\">source<\/a>]. For more related words, see the post about <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2018\/12\/25\/trees-woods-forests\/\">Trees, Wood(s) and Forests<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for plough* and related things in Celtic languages. *plough = plow for those of you in North America. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *aratrom = plough Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) arathar = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage airid = to plough airem = ploughman Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) arathar = plough, ploughing equipment, tillage [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,138,20,65,21,83,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,9,10,11,12,13,23,82,135,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8073","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-estonian-eesti-keel","category-etymology","category-icelandic-islenska","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-tools","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8073","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8073"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8073\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8095,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8073\/revisions\/8095"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8073"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8073"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8073"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}