{"id":7968,"date":"2024-02-21T22:14:20","date_gmt":"2024-02-21T22:14:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7968"},"modified":"2024-02-22T16:58:20","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T16:58:20","slug":"a-bit-of-bitterness","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2024\/02\/21\/a-bit-of-bitterness\/","title":{"rendered":"A Bit of Bitterness"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>bitter<\/strong>, <strong>sour<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/nogger\/6880962370\/in\/photolist-8VaiKj-96KyQe-bu3Jof-6pEQX3-e5PZqQ-2iR8ht9-2iR5wj3-axeJUN-5odGmv-3X6Ecn-e7gzxQ-2n3nSL3-8B6Dyh-5SJL4W-e5xk99-DZnsUx-MEJRqe-qavbAR-r8YP8B-oMq8Cz-7FEBkr-26SMGKL-9jEzc7-7Q6SGs-7Q6H5Q-7Q6SDE-4D5dSJ-dtais-aHEwQ2-9KsgdZ-t6cYf8-BJ185F-2n3nSK1-vUApG-2n3nSKG-JjC8K-C8cRh-pT4PF4-NkV5F-35he1F-P1tCp-hKsuhs-3W79q-cmFJkJ-zFavDW-29ZwKJ-2jVPsKL-2k4YYpp-btNbpE-d6RsZJ\" title=\"A pint at Cafe Cargo\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/7271\/6880962370_968435dc44_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" alt=\"A pint at Cafe Cargo\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*swerwos<\/strong> = bitter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>serb<\/strong> [s\u02b2erv] = bitter, bitterness<br \/>\n<strong>serbae<\/strong> = bitterness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>serb<\/strong> = bitter, hurtful, grievous, disagreeable, harsh, discordant<br \/>\n<strong>serbae, seirbe<\/strong> = bitterness, asperity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>searbh<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0283a\u027e\u02e0\u0259v\u02e0 \/ \u02c8\u0283ar\u02e0u(\u02d0)] = bitter, sour, acid<br \/>\n<strong>searbhaigh<\/strong> = to sour, embitter, become bitter<br \/>\n<strong>searbh\u00e1n<\/strong> = bitter person, bitter herb, bitters<br \/>\n<strong>searbh\u00e1nta<\/strong> = bitter, acrid<br \/>\n<strong>searbhas<\/strong> = bitterness, sourness, acidity<br \/>\n<strong>searbhasach<\/strong> = bitter, acrimonious<br \/>\n<strong>searbh\u00f3g<\/strong> = bitter person, bitter woman, bitter drink<br \/>\n<strong>searbh\u00fa<\/strong> = embitterment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>searbh<\/strong> [\u0283\u025br\u025bv] = bitter, sour, tart, disagreeable, acidic<br \/>\n<strong>searbh-chainnt<\/strong> = sarcasm<br \/>\n<strong>searbh-ghl\u00f2r<\/strong> = cacophony<br \/>\n<strong>searbh-nhilis<\/strong> = bitter-sweet<br \/>\n<strong>duine searbh<\/strong> = disagreeable person<br \/>\n<strong>fion searbh geal<\/strong> = dry white wine<br \/>\n<strong>leann searbh<\/strong> = bitter (ale)<br \/>\n<strong>\u2019s searbh an fhirinn<\/strong> = the truth hurts<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sharroo<\/strong> = acid, acrid, acrimonious, bitter, cutting, embittered, sardonic, sour, tart, unpalatable, vitriolic<br \/>\n<strong>sharrooaghey<\/strong> = to embitter<br \/>\n<strong>sharrooane<\/strong> = bitters<br \/>\n<strong>sharrooid<\/strong> = bitterness<br \/>\n<strong>lhune sharroo<\/strong> = bitter (ale\/beer)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*hwerw<\/strong> = bitter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>chuerv, chuerw, chwerw, chuero, ch\u1efderw<\/strong> = bitter, acrid, painful, harsh<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwy, cwherwa<\/strong> = to become bitter, be displeased<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwder, chweruder<\/strong> = bitterness, sourness, acerbity<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwed, ch\u1efder\u1efded<\/strong> = bitterness, sourness, acerbity, sharpness, tartness<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>chwerw<\/strong> [\u02c8\u03c7w\u025bru\/\u02c8\u03c7we\u02d0ru] = bitter, acrid, painful, harsh, rough, severe, sharp, surly, hurtful, angry, irate, spiteful, cross, cruel, sorrowful<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwaf, chwerwi<\/strong> = to become bitter, be displeased<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwaidd<\/strong> = bitter, sharp<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwder<\/strong> = bitterness, sourness, acerbity<br \/>\n<strong>chwerwedd<\/strong> = bitterness, sourness, acerbity, sharpness, tartness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>chuero, wherow<\/strong> = bitter, cruel, hardhearted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hwerow<\/strong> = bitter, harsh, sharp<br \/>\n<strong>hwerowder<\/strong> = acrimony<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hueru<\/strong> = bitter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hueru, fero, huerhue<\/strong> = bitter<br \/>\n<strong>hueruentez<\/strong> = bitterness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u2019hwerv<\/strong> [\u03c7w\u025b\u0281w] = bitter<br \/>\n<strong>c\u2019hwervaat<\/strong> = to make or become bitter<br \/>\n<strong>c\u2019hwervded, c\u2019hwervder, c\u2019hwerventez, c\u2019hwervoni<\/strong> = bitterness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> from Proto-Indo-European <em>*swer-<\/em> (to ache, to fester, wound, injury). Words from the same root include <strong>sword<\/strong> in English, <strong>chwarren<\/strong> (gland, knot in wood, boil, ulcer) in Welsh, <strong>zweren<\/strong> (to swear, pledge, declare under oath) in Dutch, and <strong>schw\u00e4ren<\/strong> (to fester, hurt, suppurate) in German [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/swer-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*g\u02b7ereti, g\u02b7orti-<\/strong> = bitter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goirt<\/strong> [\u0261or\u0348\u02b2t\u02b2] = bitter, salty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goirt<\/strong> = hungry, starved, bitter, sour, salt, sharp, keen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goirt<\/strong> [\u0261\u028c\u027e\u02e0t\u02b2 \/ \u0261\u0254\u027e\u02e0t\u02b2] = salt, saline, salted, bitter<br \/>\n<strong>goirte<\/strong> = saltiness, salinity, brackishness, bitterness<br \/>\n<strong>goirteamas<\/strong> = saltiness, bitterness, salt food<br \/>\n<strong>goirtigh<\/strong> = to salt, pickle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goirt<\/strong> [g\u0254r\u032a\u02e0\u0283d\u02b2] = sore, painful, sour, salted<br \/>\n<strong>goirteas<\/strong> [g\u0254r\u032a\u02e0\u0283d\u02b2\u0259s] = pain, ache, painfulness<br \/>\n<strong>goirtear<\/strong> [g\u0254r\u032a\u02e0\u0283d\u02b2\u0259r] = miser, mean\/stingy person<br \/>\n<strong>goirte<\/strong> [g\u0254r\u032a\u02e0\u0283d\u02b2\u0259] = soreness, painfulness, sourness, acerbity, saltiness<br \/>\n<strong>goirteachadh<\/strong> [g\u0254r\u032a\u02e0\u0283d\u02b2\u0259x\u0259\u0263] = hurting, afflicting, acidifying, making sour, leavening<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gort<\/strong> = acid, bitter, brackish, rank, vinegarish, vinegary, sour, hurt, poignant, acrid, acrimony<br \/>\n<strong>gortaghey<\/strong> = hurt, hurting, maim, pain<br \/>\n<strong>gortagh<\/strong> = beggarly, frugal, grudging, hurt, meagre, miser<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> from Proto-Indo-European <em>*g\u02b7orti-<\/em>, from <em>*g\u02b7\u02b0er-<\/em> (warm, hot). Words from the same root include <strong>barmy<\/strong>, <strong>furnace<\/strong>, <strong>gore<\/strong>,  <strong>thermal<\/strong> and <strong>warm<\/strong> in English, and <strong>garstig<\/strong> (rude, nasty, beastly, foul) in German [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/goirt#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for bitter, sour and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *swerwos = bitter Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) serb [s\u02b2erv] = bitter, bitterness serbae = bitterness Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) serb = bitter, hurtful, grievous, disagreeable, harsh, discordant serbae, seirbe = bitterness, asperity Irish (Gaeilge) searbh [\u02c8\u0283a\u027e\u02e0\u0259v\u02e0 \/ \u02c8\u0283ar\u02e0u(\u02d0)] = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,81,19,20,61,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,10,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7968"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7968\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7970,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7968\/revisions\/7970"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}