{"id":7755,"date":"2023-12-07T15:00:23","date_gmt":"2023-12-07T15:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7755"},"modified":"2023-12-07T15:00:23","modified_gmt":"2023-12-07T15:00:23","slug":"axes-and-hatchets","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/12\/07\/axes-and-hatchets\/","title":{"rendered":"Axes and Hatchets"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In this post we&#8217;re looking at the words for <strong>axe<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/brittgow\/4781607809\/in\/photolist-8hwZpX-ruKrRN-7Yn3KE-oakzi-6wtPQz-4SK4oX-ruQWu2-268RuG-7e3VaR-7e4ncB-7e489e-7e42mB-7e461K-7e7Rry-g6gwt-g6gwu-g6gwq-8ewTrH-7e44nk-7e3WDr-7e46eT-2PfDjU-2PfEhE-7e7Ne5-xrJeBY-cggxPC-7e7Xbw-7e4bSX-7e83ju-7e8fZ9-7e84Uj-7e7Zk1-7e85Ab-8DUZSj-4UBeoK-8iWkqG-uHQJh-7axcHA-7e4djM-9Vqr2D-9z2aeo-ao8Wrj-4y6rfX-5x1rf3-MeV2z-wEfm1E-LiJ86n-KZd6r-2d1BmJ-MeGYE\" title=\"Axe in wood\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/4095\/4781607809_13d04ce5da_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\" alt=\"Axe in wood\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*t\u0101xslo-<\/strong> = axe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00e1l<\/strong> = adze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00e1l<\/strong> = adze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00e1l<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0\u0251\u02d0l\u02e0\/t\u032a\u02e0\u00e6\u02d0l\u02e0] = adze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00e0l<\/strong> [ta\u02d0l\u032a\u02e0] = adze<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00e0l-fuinn<\/strong> = hoe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>taal<\/strong> = adze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><em>An adze cutting tool that has a curved blade set at a right angle to the handle and is used in shaping wood<\/em>. [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/adze\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*tet\u1e31-(d\u02b0)lo-<\/em>, from <em>*te\u1e31-<\/em> (to sire, beget) [<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\/page\/n375\/mode\/2up\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>architect<\/strong>, <strong>technical<\/strong>, <strong>text<\/strong> and <strong>textile<\/strong> in English, <strong>\u0446\u044f\u0441\u043b\u0430\u0301<\/strong> [t\u0361s\u02b2as\u02c8\u026ba] (adze) in Belausian, <strong>\u0442\u0435\u0441\u043b\u043e<\/strong> [t\u02b2\u026as\u02c8\u026bo] (adze) in Russian, and <strong>tesl\u0103<\/strong> (adze) in Romanian [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/tet%E1%B8%B1-\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00faag<\/strong> = axe, hatchet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00faag<\/strong> = axe, hatchet<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00faagaid<\/strong> = to hew, chop, strike with an axe<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00faagr\u00f3tae<\/strong> = roadway cleared with an axe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tua<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0u\u0259] = axe, hatchet<br \/>\n<strong>tuad\u00f3ir<\/strong> = axe-man, hewer, chopper<br \/>\n<strong>tuad\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = (act of) hewing, shaping, chopping<br \/>\n<strong>tuaigh<\/strong> = to chop (with an axe)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tuagh<\/strong> [tu\u0259\u0263] = axe<br \/>\n<strong>tuaghadair<\/strong> = axeman, axe-wielder<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>teigh<\/strong> = axe, chopper, hatchet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)tewk-<\/em> (to push, press, strike, beat, pierce), from <em>*(s)tew-<\/em> (to push, hit) [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ceantar.org\/Dicts\/MB2\/mb40.html\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>tk\u00e1t<\/strong> (to weave) in Czech, <strong>tka\u0107<\/strong> (to weave, stick, tuck) in Polish, and <strong>\u0442\u044a\u043a\u0430<\/strong> [t\u0250\u02c8k\u0264] (to spin, plait, entwine, weave) in Bulgarian [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/(s)tewk-#cite_note-IEW-1\">source<\/a>], and words for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/06\/28\/caves\/\">hole &#038; hollow<\/a> in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*biyatlis<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bi\u00e1il<\/strong> [\u02c8b\u02b2i.a\u02d0l\u02b2] = axe, hatchet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)<\/th>\n<td><strong>b\u00edail,  bi\u00e1il<\/strong> = axe, hatchet, battle-axe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>biail<\/strong> [b\u02b2i\u0259l\u02b2] = hatchet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>biail<\/strong> = axe, hatchet (<em>archaic<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>bahell<\/strong> = axe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>buyall, bwell, bwyeill<\/strong> = axe<br \/>\n<strong>bwyellic<\/strong> = small axe, hatchet<br \/>\n<strong>bwyallawt<\/strong> = axe stroke<br \/>\n<strong>bwiallawc <\/strong> = bearing an axe, armed with an axe; like an axe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bwyall, bwyell, bwell<\/strong> = axe, battle-axe<br \/>\n<strong>bwyellan, bwyellig<\/strong> = small axe, hatchet<br \/>\n<strong>bwyellangaib<\/strong> = pickaxe, hoe<br \/>\n<strong>bwyellod, bwyallod<\/strong> = stroke or cut with an axe, axe stroke<br \/>\n<strong>bwyellog, bwyallog<\/strong> = bearing an axe, armed with an axe; like an axe<br \/>\n<strong>bwyellwr<\/strong> = woodman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>biail, boell, bool<\/strong> = axe, hatchet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bool<\/strong> = axe, chopper, hachet<br \/>\n<strong>bolik<\/strong> = (small) axe, chopper, hachet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bouhazl, bouchazl, bouchal, boc\u2019hal<\/strong> = axe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bouc&#8217;hal<\/strong> [\u02c8bu\u02d0.\u0263al] = axe, hammered<br \/>\n<strong>bouc&#8217;halig<\/strong> = hatchet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*bin\u0101ti<\/em> (to strike, hit, beat) from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*b\u02b0i-n\u00e9-h\u2082-ti<\/em>, from <em>b\u02b0eyh\u2082- <\/em> (to strike, hew) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/bi%C3%A1il#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>billhook<\/strong> and <strong>bone<\/strong> in English, <strong>bain<\/strong> (to extract, separate, strike) and <strong>b\u00e9im<\/strong> (a blow, emphasis, beat) in Irish, <strong>gofid<\/strong> (grief, sorrow, regret) in Welsh [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/b%CA%B0eyh%E2%82%82-#Proto-Indo-European:_strike\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\/mode\/2up\">Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/shareasale.com\/r.cfm?b=1775355&amp;u=184793&amp;m=70611&amp;urllink=&amp;afftrack=\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.shareasale.com\/image\/70611\/728x90_00.jpg\" alt=\"italki - Win cash rewards for learning any language\" width=\"630\" height=\"78\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In this post we&#8217;re looking at the words for axe and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *t\u0101xslo- = axe Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) t\u00e1l = adze Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) t\u00e1l = adze Irish (Gaeilge) t\u00e1l [t\u032a\u02e0\u0251\u02d0l\u02e0\/t\u032a\u02e0\u00e6\u02d0l\u02e0] = adze Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) t\u00e0l [ta\u02d0l\u032a\u02e0] = adze t\u00e0l-fuinn = hoe [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,134,16,132,26,75,19,20,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,10,40,105,12,13,120,106,23,135,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7755","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-belarusian--","category-breton","category-bulgarian-","category-kernewek-cornish","category-czech-cestina","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-polish-polski","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-romanian-limba-romana","category-russian-","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-tools","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7755","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7755"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7755\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7762,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7755\/revisions\/7762"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7755"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7755"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7755"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}