{"id":7648,"date":"2023-10-27T20:57:39","date_gmt":"2023-10-27T19:57:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7648"},"modified":"2023-10-30T17:10:35","modified_gmt":"2023-10-30T17:10:35","slug":"sure-certainly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/10\/27\/sure-certainly\/","title":{"rendered":"Sure, Certainly"},"content":{"rendered":"

Words for sure<\/strong>, certain<\/strong> and related words in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n

\"Sure,<\/p>\n

Words marked * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*derwos<\/strong> = firm (as an oak), oak<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Goídelc)<\/th>\nderb<\/strong> = sure, certain, fixed, certainty
\nderba<\/strong> = certainty
\nderbaid<\/strong> = to certify, confirm, prove
\nderbda<\/strong> = certain, fixed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nderb<\/strong> = sure, certain, fixed, determinate, reliable, genuine
\nderba<\/strong> = certainty
\nderbaid<\/strong> = to certify, confirm, prove, attest
\nderbda(e)<\/strong> = certain, fixed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ndearbh<\/strong> [ˈdʲaɾˠəvˠ] = sure, certain
\ndearbhaigh<\/strong> = to declare, affirm, confirm, attest, prove
\ndearbháil<\/strong> = to test, check
\ndearbhú<\/strong> = declaration, affirmation, attestation, confirmation
\ndearfa<\/strong> = attested, proved, sure, certain
\ndearfach<\/strong> = affrimative, positive
\ndearfacht<\/strong> = positiveness, certainty
\ndeartháir<\/strong> = brother (“certain brother” from derb & bráthair [brother])
\ndeirfiúr<\/strong> = sister (“certain sister” from derb & siur [sister])<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)<\/th>\ndearbh<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛv] = ceratin, sure, positive
\ndearbh-aithne<\/strong> = identity, indentification
\ndearbhaich<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvɪç] = prove, attest, verify, demonstrate
\ndearbhadh<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvəɣ] = proving, attesting, verifying
\ndearbhachd<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvəxg] = proof, experience, assurance
\ndearbhair<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvɛrʲ] = affirmer, checker
\ndearbhte<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvdʲə] = ascertained, confirmed, proved
\ndearbhach<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvəx] = sure, affirmative, positive
\ndearbhachail<\/strong> [dʲɛrɛvəxal] = conclusive, decisive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\njarroo<\/strong> = absolute, actual, even, explicit, express, identical, indubitable
\njarrooagh<\/strong> = affirmative, categorical, confirmative, definitive, positive
\njarrooid<\/strong> = positiveness
\ndy jarroo<\/strong> = actually<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Welsh<\/th>\nceintiru<\/strong> = first cousin (male)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\nkeuynderv, keuyndyru, keuynderw<\/strong> = first cousin (male)
\ncyfnitherw, kefnithderw, cyvnither<\/strong> = first cousin (female)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\nderw<\/strong> = sure, true (only appears in words below<\/em>)
\ncefnder(w)<\/strong> = first cousin (male)
\ncyfnither(w)<\/strong> = first cousin (female)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\nhanderu<\/strong> = first cousin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\nkenderow, keniterow<\/strong> = cousin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\nquenderu<\/strong> = cousin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\nkenderv<\/strong> = cousin (male)
\nkeniterv<\/strong> = cousin (female)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European *drewh₂-<\/em> (steady, firm), from *dóru<\/em> (tree), which possibly related to *deru-\/*drew-<\/em> (hard, firm, strong, solid) [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Words from the same roots include words for oak trees in Celtic languages<\/a>, and tar<\/strong>, tree<\/strong>, trough<\/strong> and trim<\/strong> in English [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*kengeti<\/strong> =to step<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Goídelc)<\/th>\ncingid<\/strong> [ˈkʲiŋʲɡʲiðʲ] = to step, proceed
\ndo·cing<\/strong> = to advance, step forward<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\ncingid, cinnid, cinnit<\/strong> = to step, pace, proceed, go, overcome, surpass, excel, exceed
\ndo-cing, to-cing<\/strong> = to step, stride forward, advance, come<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ncinn<\/strong> [cəiɲ \/ ciːnʲ] = to fix, determine, decree, decide
\ncinnte<\/strong> = certain, definite, mean, stingy, constant
\ncinnteach<\/strong> = fixed, definite, definitive
\ncinnteachaí<\/strong> = determinist
\ncinnteachas<\/strong> = determinism
\ncinnteacht<\/strong> = certainty, stinginess, limitation
\ncinntigh<\/strong> = to make certain, confirm, assure
\ncinntiú<\/strong> = confirmation, determination<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)<\/th>\ncinnt<\/strong> [kʲĩːn̪ʲdʲ] = certainty
\ncinnteach<\/strong> = certain, definite, sure, accurate
\ncinnteachas<\/strong> = determinism
\ncinnteachd<\/strong> = certainty, actuality, assurance
\ncinnteachadh<\/strong> = checking, confirming, determining
\ncinntich<\/strong> = (to) check, confirm, determine, ascertain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\nkinjagh<\/strong> = constant, continual, continuous, definite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *(s)keng-<\/em> (limp) [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Words from the same roots include words for step in Celtic languages<\/a>, shank<\/strong> in English, hinken<\/strong> (to limp, hobble) in Dutch and German [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\ndyogel, diogel<\/strong> = safe, secure, certain, sure, reliable, immovable
\ndiogelu<\/strong> = to make save, secure
\ndiogelhay<\/strong> = to make safe or fast, secure, assure
\ndiogelrwydd, diogelrỼyd<\/strong> = safety, security, assurance, certainty
\ndiogelwch<\/strong> = safety, security, caution
\ndiogelwr<\/strong> = defender, protector<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ndiogel<\/strong> [dɪˈɔɡɛl\/dɪˈoːɡɛl] = safe, secure, certain, sure, reliable, immovable
\ndiogelaf, diogelu<\/strong> = to make save, secure, assure, confirm
\ndiogeldeb, diolgelder<\/strong> = safety, security
\ndiogelfa<\/strong> = safe place, fortress, stronghold, place of refuge
\ndiogelhaf, diogelhau<\/strong> = to make safe or fast, secure, assure
\ndiogelrwydd<\/strong> = safety, security, assurance, certainty
\ndiogelwch<\/strong> = safety, security, caution
\ndiogelwr, diogelydd<\/strong> = defender, protector<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\ndiogel, dyowgel, dyogel, diûgel, diougel<\/strong> = unexposed, secure, safe, certain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\ndiogel<\/strong> = certain, reliable, secure, sure
\ndiogeldeh<\/strong> = security
\ndiogeli<\/strong> = to safeguard, secure<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\ndiouguel, dioguel, dyougel<\/strong> = certain, sure, surely, security, safety
\ndiouguelhat<\/strong> = to defend, guard, protect
\ndiouguelroez, dyouguelroez<\/strong> = security, protection<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\ndiogel<\/strong> [diˈoːɡɛl] = size, dimension, measure, format
\ndiougelaat<\/strong> = to defend, guard, protect
\ndiougeladur<\/strong> = affirmation, assertion
\ndiougeler<\/strong> = protecter
\ndiogeliñ<\/strong> = to assert
\ndiogelroez<\/strong> = security, protection
\ndiogelus<\/strong> = affirmative<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from di-<\/em> (intensifying prefix) and gogel<\/em> (to guard), from Proto-Celtic *uɸo-<\/em> (sub-, under) and *kelo<\/em> (to hide), from PIE *ḱel<\/em> (to cover) [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Words from the same roots include Celt(ic)<\/strong>, heel<\/strong> and occult<\/strong> in English [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)<\/th>\nsicir<\/strong> [ʃiçgʲɪrʲ] = shrewd, acute, accurate, sure
\nsicireachd<\/strong> [ʃiçgʲɪrʲəxg] = shrewdness, acuteness, accurateness, sureness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\nshickyr<\/strong> = certain, confident, definite, firm
\nshickyraghey<\/strong> = to ensure, ratify, verify, affirmation
\nshickyrys<\/strong> = assurance, certainty, security, stability<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\nsicr, sikr<\/strong> = safe, secure, certain, sure, reliable, immovable
\nsickrwydd, sicrwydd, siccrwydd <\/strong> = certainity, sureness, assurance
\nsiwr, sywr<\/strong> = sure, certain, inevitable, unfailing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\nsicr<\/strong> [ˈsɪkɪr] = sure, certain, inevitable, secure, safe
\nsicrhau<\/strong> = to ensure, make certain, fasten, secure
\nsicrwydd<\/strong> = certainity, sureness, assurance
\nsiŵr, siwr<\/strong> [ʃuːr]= sure, certain, inevitable, unfailing
\nsiwr(i)af, siwr(i)o<\/strong> = to assure, ensure
\nsiwrans, siwrens<\/strong> = certainity, assurance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\nsecer<\/strong> = secure
\nsecerder<\/strong> = security<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\nsur<\/strong> = certain(ly), sure(ly)
\nsurhe<\/strong> = to assure, ensure, insure
\nsurheans<\/strong> = insurance
\nsurneth<\/strong> = certainity
\nsurredi<\/strong> = certainly, surely<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\nsigur<\/strong> = sure, certain, assured<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\nsygur, sigur<\/strong> [ˈsiːɡyr] = sure, certain, assured
\nsiguriñ<\/strong> = to generalize, pretext<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from Middle English siker<\/em> (safe, secure), from Old English sicor<\/em> (secure, safe, sure), from Proto-West Germanic *sikur<\/em> (secure, safe, sure, certain), from Latin sēcūrus<\/em> (worryless; carefree; secure), from sē-<\/em> (without) and cūra<\/em> (care); [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Note<\/strong>: the Welsh word sikr<\/strong> comes from Middle English siker<\/em>, while siŵr\/siwr<\/strong> comes from modern English sure<\/strong>. They both come from the same ultimate roots. Similarly, the Middle Cornish secer<\/strong> comes from Middle English, while sur<\/strong> in modern Cornish comes from modern English. I’m not sure if the Breton words are related, or what their etymology is.<\/p>\n

\"Blubrry<\/a><\/p>\n

Sources: Wiktionary<\/a>, Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, Teanglann.ie<\/a>, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary<\/a>, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall<\/a>, Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, TermOfis<\/a>, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, Geriafurch<\/a>, English – ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Words for sure, certain and related words in Celtic languages. Words marked * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *derwos = firm (as an oak), oak Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) derb = sure, certain, fixed, certainty derba = certainty derbaid = to certify, confirm, prove derbda = certain, fixed Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) derb = sure, certain, fixed, determinate, reliable, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,81,61,21,3,36,22,5,6,77,37,7,27,71,10,12,67,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7648","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-english-englisch","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-english-aenglisc","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7648","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7648"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7648\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7667,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7648\/revisions\/7667"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7648"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7648"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7648"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}