{"id":7566,"date":"2023-09-23T14:09:33","date_gmt":"2023-09-23T13:09:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7566"},"modified":"2023-09-23T14:19:01","modified_gmt":"2023-09-23T13:19:01","slug":"with-and-without","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/09\/23\/with-and-without\/","title":{"rendered":"With and Without"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>with<\/strong>, <strong>without<\/strong>, <strong>by<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/52802173201\/in\/dateposted\/\" title=\"Gaelic Song Class 2023\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/52802173201_cefc6bbd60_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"540\" alt=\"Gaelic Song Class 2023\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>The emphatic forms of this word combined with personal pronouns are shown after the \/.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*letos<\/strong> = side<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>la<\/strong> [la] = with, beside, by, belonging to, among; in the language of, in the opinion of<br \/>\n<strong>lem(m), lim(m), leim, lium(m) \/ lemsa, li(u)msa<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>lat(t) \/ latso, latsu<\/strong> = with you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>leiss, les(s), lais(s), letha \/ le(i)som, laisem<\/strong> = with him<br \/>\n<strong>l(a)ee, l\u01fd \/ l\u00e9si<\/strong> = with her<br \/>\n<strong>li(u)nn, le(i)nn, linn(a)i<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>lib \/ libsi<\/strong> = with you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>leu, l\u00e9u leo, lethu \/ leusom, leosom<\/strong> = with them<br \/>\n<strong>lam<\/strong> = with my<br \/>\n<strong>lat<\/strong> = with your (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>lia<\/strong> = with his\/hers\/its\/their<br \/>\n<strong>liar<\/strong> = with our<br \/>\n<strong>lassa<\/strong> = with, which<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>la<\/strong> = beside, by, touching, along with, in the same direction as, following to course of, in the company of<br \/>\n<strong>lem(m), lim(m), lium<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>lat(t), let<\/strong> = with you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>leiss, less, les<\/strong> = with him<br \/>\n<strong>lee, laee, lea<\/strong> = with her<br \/>\n<strong>lenn, leinn, linn<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>lib<\/strong> = with you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>leu, leo<\/strong> = with them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>le<\/strong> [l\u02b2\u025b] = with, to, for, by, against, in proximity to, in contact with, beside, towards, facing, open to, along the face of, in company with, at, against<br \/>\n<strong>liom \/ liomsa<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>leat \/ leatsa<\/strong> = with you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>leis \/ leis-sean<\/strong> = with him<br \/>\n<strong>l\u00e9i \/ l\u00e9ise<\/strong> = with her<br \/>\n<strong>linn \/ linne<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>libh \/ libhse<\/strong> = with you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>leo \/ leosan<\/strong> = with them<br \/>\n<strong>le mo, lem<\/strong> = with my<br \/>\n<strong>le do, led<\/strong> = with your (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>lena<\/strong> = with his\/hers\/its<br \/>\n<strong>len\u00e1r<\/strong> = with our<br \/>\n<strong>lena<\/strong> = with their<br \/>\n<strong>le haghaidh<\/strong> = for, near, in store for<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>le<\/strong> [le] = with, by, using, in possession of, in favour of, downhill, downstream, lee(ward), port(side)<br \/>\n<strong>leam \/ leamsa<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>leat \/ leatsa<\/strong> = with you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>leis \/ leissan<\/strong> = with him<br \/>\n<strong>leatha \/ leathase<\/strong> = with her<br \/>\n<strong>leinn \/ leinne<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>leibh \/ libhse<\/strong> = with you (pl\/frm)<br \/>\n<strong>leotha \/ leothasan<\/strong> = with them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lesh<\/strong> [l\u025b\u0283] = for, with, toward<br \/>\n<strong>lhiam \/ lhiams<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>lhiat \/ lhiats<\/strong> = with you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>lesh \/ leshsyn<\/strong> = with him<br \/>\n<strong>lhee \/ lheeish<\/strong> = with her<br \/>\n<strong>lhien \/ lhienyn<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>lhiu \/ lhiuish<\/strong> = with you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>lhieu \/ lhieusyn<\/strong> = with them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*letos<\/em> (side), which is possibly related to <em>*\u0278letos<\/em> (side) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/le#Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words for half, side, wide, broad and related things in Celtic languages possibly come from the same roots [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/01\/07\/halves-and-sides\/\">more details<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*writu<\/strong> = against<br \/>\n<strong>*writbero<\/strong> = to come against, return<br \/>\n<strong>*writkomfarsko-<\/strong> = to ask<br \/>\n<strong>*writtongo<\/strong> = to renounce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fri<\/strong> [f\u02b2r\u02b2i] = towards, against, along, beside, close to, on the point of<br \/>\n<strong>frimm, frium(m) \/ fri(u)msa<\/strong> = against me<br \/>\n<strong>frit(t), friut(t) \/ fritso, fritsu<\/strong> = against you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>fris(s) \/ frissom, frissium<\/strong> = against him<br \/>\n<strong>frie<\/strong> = against her<br \/>\n<strong>frinn \/ finn(a)i<\/strong> = against us<br \/>\n<strong>frib \/ fribsi<\/strong> = against you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>friu \/ friusom<\/strong> = against them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fri<\/strong> = towards, facing, turned to, against, alongside, by, next to, at, in contact with<br \/>\n<strong>frim(m), frium \/ fri(u)msa<\/strong> = against me<br \/>\n<strong>frit(t), friutt \/ fritsu<\/strong> = against you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>fris(s) \/ frissom<\/strong> = against him<br \/>\n<strong>frie, friae \/ frise<\/strong> = against her<br \/>\n<strong>fri(u)nn, frind \/ finn(a)i<\/strong> = against us<br \/>\n<strong>frib, frithib \/ fribsi<\/strong> = against you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>friu \/ friusom<\/strong> = against them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>re<\/strong> [r\u02e0e\u02d0] = with, to, for, by, against (archaic, <strong>le<\/strong> is used instead)<br \/>\n<strong>fara<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02e0a\u027e\u02e0\u0259] = along, with, beside, in addition to (rare, used in Munster)<br \/>\n<strong>frae, fr\u00e9<\/strong> [f\u02e0\u027e\u02e0e\u02d0] = with, along with (used in Connacht)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ri<\/strong> [r\u02b2i] = against, busy with, engaged in, to, than<br \/>\n<strong>ruim\/ ruimsa<\/strong> = against me<br \/>\n<strong>ruit \/ riutsa<\/strong> = against you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>ris \/ ris-san<\/strong> = against him<br \/>\n<strong>rithe \/ rithese<\/strong> = against her<br \/>\n<strong>rinn \/ rinne<\/strong> = against us<br \/>\n<strong>ribh \/ ribhse<\/strong> = against you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>riutha \/ riuthasan<\/strong> = against them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>rish<\/strong> [r\u026a\u0283] = along, beside, by, during, for<br \/>\n<strong>rhym \/ rhyms<\/strong> = to me<br \/>\n<strong>rhyt \/ rhyts<\/strong> = to you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>rish \/ rishyn<\/strong> = to him<br \/>\n<strong>r\u2019ee \/ r\u2019eeish<\/strong> = to her<br \/>\n<strong>rooin \/ rooinyn<\/strong> = to us<br \/>\n<strong>riu \/ riuish<\/strong> = to you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>roo \/ roosyn<\/strong> = to them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>gurth<\/strong> = by, at, near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>wrth, vrth, \u1efcrth<\/strong> = by, at, near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>(g)wrth<\/strong> [(g)\u028ar\u03b8 \/ (g)\u028a\u03b8] = by, at, near, close to, opposite, facing, in contact with, on, against, also, with, beside, because of, as a result of, about, concerning<br \/>\n<strong>wrth angen<\/strong> = according to need, as necessary<br \/>\n<strong>wrth angor<\/strong> = at anchor<br \/>\n<strong>wrth fron<\/strong> = near, close to, at the point of, almost<br \/>\n<strong>wrth law, wrth y llaw<\/strong> = nearby, at hand, by hand<br \/>\n<strong>wrth fynd heibio<\/strong> = in passing (of comment)<br \/>\n<strong>wrth ben<\/strong> = on top of, above, over<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>gurth<\/strong> = by<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>(w)orth<\/strong> = at, by, to, for, with<br \/>\n<strong>(w)orthyf<\/strong> of\/from\/to\/against me<br \/>\n<strong>(w)orthys<\/strong> = of\/from\/to\/against thee<br \/>\n<strong>(w)orto<\/strong> = by\/upon him or it<br \/>\n<strong>(w)orty<\/strong> = by\/upon her or it<br \/>\n<strong>(w)orthyn<\/strong> = of\/from\/to\/against us<br \/>\n<strong>(w)ortheuch<\/strong> = of\/from\/to you<br \/>\n<strong>orte, wort\u00e9<\/strong> = by\/upon them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>orth<\/strong> = against, at<br \/>\n<strong>orth ow brys<\/strong> = in my opinion<br \/>\n<strong>orth bodh ow brys<\/strong> = intentionally<br \/>\n<strong>orth niver<\/strong> = in number<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>oz, ouz, ouc\u2019h, oud<\/strong> = against, to, of, opposite<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ouzh<\/strong> [us] = towards, to, against<br \/>\n<strong>ouzh beg<\/strong> = below, at the bottom (of)<br \/>\n<strong>diouzh<\/strong> [\u02c8di\u02d0us\/\u02c8dju\u02d0s] = of, according to<br \/>\n<strong>diouzh re<\/strong> = in case of need, if necessary<br \/>\n<strong>diouzhtu<\/strong> [djus\u02c8ty\u02d0] = immediately<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*wert-<\/em> (to turn) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/fri#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/language\/celtic\/pronouns\/brythonic.php#by\">Conjugated forms in Welsh, Cornish and Breton<\/a><\/p>\n<p>English words from the same PIE root include <strong>divert<\/strong>, <strong>invert<\/strong>, <strong>pervert<\/strong>, <strong>verse<\/strong>, <strong>verus<\/strong>, <strong>vortex<\/strong> and <strong>worth<\/strong> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Category:English_terms_derived_from_the_Proto-Indo-European_root_*wert-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kanta<\/strong> = together with<br \/>\n<strong>*kantyos<\/strong> = assembly, gathering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kantyos<\/strong> = assembly, gathering<br \/>\n<strong>cantio<\/strong> = assembly, gathering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9t-<\/strong> = with<br \/>\n<strong>c\u00e9ite<\/strong> = assembly, hill, mound<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9t-<\/strong> = with<br \/>\n<strong>c\u00e9ite<\/strong> = hill, mound, open space, racecourse, meeting-place, assembly, square, market-place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>cant<\/strong> = by, at, near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>can, cann, gen, gant, gan<\/strong> = with, together with<br \/>\n<strong>genhyf<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>genhyt<\/strong> = with thee<br \/>\n<strong>gant(h)aw<\/strong> = with him or it<br \/>\n<strong>gent(h)i<\/strong> = with her or it<br \/>\n<strong>genhym, genhyn, gennyn<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>genhwch, gennwch<\/strong> = with you<br \/>\n<strong>gantu(d), gantunt, ganthud<\/strong> = with them<br \/>\n<strong>gid, y gyd, kyd, gyt<\/strong> = with, together with<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gan<\/strong> [\u0261an] = with, together with, alongside, beside, by (means of), through, because of, on account of, from , of<br \/>\n<strong>gyda<\/strong> = with, together with, in addition to, in the company of, close by, next to, alongside, besides, for<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>cant, cans<\/strong> = with, by<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gan, gans<\/strong> = with, by<br \/>\n<strong>genef, gynef<\/strong> = with me<br \/>\n<strong>genes, gynes<\/strong> = with thee<br \/>\n<strong>ganso<\/strong> = with him or it<br \/>\n<strong>gynsy<\/strong> = with her or it<br \/>\n<strong>genen, gynen<\/strong> = with us<br \/>\n<strong>geneuch<\/strong> = with you<br \/>\n<strong>gans\u00e9<\/strong> = with them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gans<\/strong> = by, with<br \/>\n<strong>gans ganow<\/strong> = by word of mouth<br \/>\n<strong>gans golow, gans tan<\/strong> = alight, lit<br \/>\n<strong>gans henna<\/strong> = thereby<br \/>\n<strong>gans oll ow holon vy<\/strong> = sincerely yours<br \/>\n<strong>gans pub bolonjedh da<\/strong> = with all good wishes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gant<\/strong> = with, on the occasion of, so much<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gant<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261\u00e3nt] = with, because of<br \/>\n<strong>digant<\/strong> = with, of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*\u1e31\u00f3m <\/em> (with) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/kanta\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/language\/celtic\/pronouns\/brythonic.php#with\">Conjugated forms in Welsh, Cornish and Breton<\/a><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*sek\u02b7o-<\/strong> = besides, without<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sech<\/strong> [s\u02b2ex] = past, beyond, different from, more than<br \/>\n<strong>sechum<\/strong> = different from me<br \/>\n<strong>sechut<\/strong> = different from you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>sech(a)e, sech\u00e6<\/strong> = different from him<br \/>\n<strong>secce<\/strong> = different from her<br \/>\n<strong>sechund<\/strong> = different from us<br \/>\n<strong>seccu<\/strong> = different from them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sech<\/strong> = past, beyond, different from, more than,<br \/>\n<strong>sechum, seacham , seocham<\/strong> = different from me<br \/>\n<strong>sechut, seachad, seochad<\/strong> = different from you (sg)<br \/>\n<strong>(se)chae, secha, sechai<\/strong> = different from him<br \/>\n<strong>seochu, seacha<\/strong> = different from him<br \/>\n<strong>secci, seicce, seice<\/strong> = different from her<br \/>\n<strong>sechund, sechoind, seachoinn<\/strong> = different from us<br \/>\n<strong>sechaib<\/strong> = different from you (pl)<br \/>\n<strong>seccu, seocu, seoca<\/strong> = different from them<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>seach<\/strong> [\u0283ax] = by, past, beyond, other than, more than<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>seach<\/strong> [\u0283\u025bx] = compared with\/to, in preference to, past, by, rather than<br \/>\n<strong>seach-rathad<\/strong> = bypass, relief road, byway<br \/>\n<strong>seach-th\u00ecm<\/strong> = overtime<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>shagh<\/strong> [\u0283ax] = past<br \/>\n<strong>shaghey<\/strong> = bye, bygone, past, delay, prolong, neglected<br \/>\n<strong>shiaghey<\/strong> = past<br \/>\n<strong>shagh-votal<\/strong> = proxy vote<br \/>\n<strong>shagh-chlou<\/strong> = offprint<br \/>\n<strong>shagh-teiyder<\/strong> = proxy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*heb<\/strong> = besides, without<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>hep<\/strong> = without<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>heb, hep<\/strong> = without, past<br \/>\n<strong>hebof, hebofy<\/strong> = without me<br \/>\n<strong>hebot<\/strong> = without thee<br \/>\n<strong>hebddaw<\/strong> = without him or it<br \/>\n<strong>hebddi, hebdi, hebti<\/strong> = without her or it<br \/>\n<strong>hebom, heibom<\/strong> = without us<br \/>\n<strong>heboch<\/strong> = without you<br \/>\n<strong>hebddudd<\/strong> = without them<br \/>\n<strong>heb law, hebillaw, heb-law<\/strong> = besides, not counting<br \/>\n<strong>eb vn ail<\/strong> = without peer, incomparable, unrivalled<br \/>\n<strong>heb annot<\/strong> = without delay, immediately<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>heb<\/strong> [h\u025bb\/he\u02d0b] = without, minus, free from, void of, lacking, in the absence of, past, besides, in addition to, not including, excluding, apart from,<br \/>\n<strong>heblaw<\/strong> = besides, not counting, over and above, in addition to, except, but, without, past<br \/>\n<strong>heb ei ail, heb (un) ail<\/strong> = without peer, incomparable, unrivalled<br \/>\n<strong>heb annod<\/strong> = without delay, immediately<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>heb, hep<\/strong> = without, destitute, void of<br \/>\n<strong>hebford<\/strong> = without a road<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>heb<\/strong> = witout<br \/>\n<strong>heb ahwer<\/strong> = readily<br \/>\n<strong>heb bri<\/strong> = irrelevant<br \/>\n<strong>heb danjer<\/strong> = safely<br \/>\n<strong>heb difuna<\/strong> = dormant<br \/>\n<strong>heb diwedh<\/strong> = endlessly, continuously, eternal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>ep<\/strong> = without<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hep, hemp, eb<\/strong> = without<br \/>\n<strong>hep quen, ep quen, hemb kin, epken<\/strong> = only<br \/>\n<strong>hep muy, hep-mui<\/strong> =  without further &#8230;, only<br \/>\n<strong>hep muy quen, hep mui quen<\/strong> = only<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hep<\/strong> [hep] = without<br \/>\n<strong>hepken<\/strong> = only, exclusiveness<br \/>\n<strong>hepmuiken<\/strong> =  without further &#8230;<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*sek\u02b7-<\/em> (to follow) or from <em>*sek-<\/em> (to cut) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/sech#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/language\/celtic\/pronouns\/brythonic.php#without\">Conjugated forms in Welsh, Cornish and Breton<\/a><\/p>\n<p>English words from the same PIE root include <strong>sect<\/strong>, <strong>sign<\/strong>, <strong>signal<\/strong>, <strong>social<\/strong>, <strong>sue<\/strong>, <strong>suit<\/strong>, <strong>suite<\/strong> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Category:English_terms_derived_from_the_Proto-Indo-European_root_*sek%CA%B7-_(follow)\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kina<\/strong> = on this side of<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cen<\/strong> [k\u02b2en] = except, without, unbeknownst to, unknown to<br \/>\n<strong>cene, cenae<\/strong> [\u02c8k\u02b2ene] = besides, in any case, already<br \/>\n<strong>olchene, olchenae<\/strong> [ol\u02c8x\u02b2ene] = besides, the other(s), the rest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cen, cin, can, gen, gin, gan<\/strong> = on this side of, apart from, besides, except, without, -less<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gan<\/strong> [\u0261\u0259n\u032a\u02e0\/\u0261an\u032a\u02e0] = without, not<br \/>\n<strong>gan amhras<\/strong> = undoubtedly<br \/>\n<strong>gan f\u00e1th gan \u00e1bhar<\/strong> = for no reason whatever<br \/>\n<strong>gan fhios<\/strong> = unknown, secretly<br \/>\n<strong>gan on<\/strong> = faultless, unblemished<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gun<\/strong> [\u0261\u0259n\u032a\u02e0] = without, not<br \/>\n<strong>gun chiall<\/strong> = without sense, senseless, insane<br \/>\n<strong>gun fhi\u00f9<\/strong> = worthless, trashy, trivial<br \/>\n<strong>gun iarraidh<\/strong> = unwanted, unbidden, unsought<br \/>\n<strong>gun mhaille<\/strong> = forthwith<br \/>\n<strong>gun sgot<\/strong> = clueless<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gyn<\/strong> = ex, un-, devoid, without<br \/>\n<strong>gyn baare<\/strong> = pointless<br \/>\n<strong>gyn bun<\/strong> = baseless, bogus, unfounded<br \/>\n<strong>gyn currym<\/strong> = carefree, unencumbered<br \/>\n<strong>gyn ennym<\/strong> = anonymous, nameless, unnamed<br \/>\n<strong>gyn feill<\/strong> = vegetarian<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>quen, quin, gen, ken<\/strong> = no more, other<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ken<\/strong> [\u02c8k\u025bn\u02d0] = other, only, no more<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*\u1e31e<\/em> (this, here) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cen#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value= penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/create.blubrry.com\/resources\/podcast-media-hosting\/?code= omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_blubrry.png\" alt=\"Blubrry podcast hosting\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for with, without, by and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. The emphatic forms of this word combined with personal pronouns are shown after the \/. Proto-Celtic *letos = side Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) la [la] = with, beside, by, belonging to, among; in the language of, in the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,26,19,20,25,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,9,10,40,131,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7566","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-prepositions","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7566","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7566"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7566\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7577,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7566\/revisions\/7577"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7566"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7566"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7566"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}