{"id":7547,"date":"2023-09-14T17:00:56","date_gmt":"2023-09-14T16:00:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7547"},"modified":"2023-09-14T17:00:57","modified_gmt":"2023-09-14T16:00:57","slug":"down-under","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/09\/14\/down-under\/","title":{"rendered":"Down Under"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>down<\/strong>, <strong>below<\/strong>, <strong>under<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/32668702414\/in\/album-72157621796059300\/\" title=\"Spiral staircase in Conwy \/ Grisiau troellog yng Nghonwy\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/3949\/32668702414_ac79d0708c_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" alt=\"Spiral staircase in Conwy \/ Grisiau troellog yng Nghonwy\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*\u0278\u012bssu<\/strong> = under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00eds<\/strong> = below<br \/>\n<strong>s\u00eds<\/strong> = down, downwards, northwards<br \/>\n<strong>an\u00eds<\/strong> = below, from below<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00eds<\/strong> = below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00eds<\/strong> = below, under<br \/>\n<strong>s\u00eds, sis<\/strong> = down, downwards, northwards, below, onwards, throughout, onwards<br \/>\n<strong>s\u00edsana, siosina, sisana<\/strong> = here below, below<br \/>\n<strong>an\u00eds,<\/strong> = (from) below, beneath<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00eds<\/strong> = below, in the north<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>s\u00edos<\/strong> [\u0283i\u02d0s\u02e0] = down (<em>away from the speaker<\/em>), to lower place or station, hanging down, drooping, trailing, to the north, to a lesser centre or remote district, following<br \/>\n<strong>s\u00edos suas<\/strong> = upside down, topsyturvy<br \/>\n<strong>an\u00edos<\/strong> = up (from below), from the north<br \/>\n<strong>th\u00edos<\/strong> = down, in a lower place, in the north, below, farther on in a book, written down, entered (in a ledger, etc), on the fire<br \/>\n<strong>th\u00edosluaite<\/strong> = undermentioned<br \/>\n<strong>th\u00edos-s\u00ednithe<\/strong> = undersigned<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>s\u00ecos<\/strong> [\u0283i\u0259s] = down (<em>away from the speaker<\/em>), downwards, below<br \/>\n<strong>sh\u00ecos<\/strong> [hi\u0259s] = down, below<br \/>\n<strong>a-n\u00ecos<\/strong> [\u0259\u02c8n\u032a\u02b2i\u0259s] = up, upwards (<em>towards from the speaker<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>a-s\u00ecos<\/strong> [\u0259\u02c8\u0283i\u0259s] = down, downwards<br \/>\n<strong>s\u00ecos &#8216;nad inntinn<\/strong> = depressed<br \/>\n<strong>a&#8217; dol s\u00ecos<\/strong> = going down, experiencing a downturn, charging (<em>in battle<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>cuir s\u00ecos<\/strong> = to put\/lay\/set down<br \/>\n<strong>is mar sin s\u00ecos<\/strong> = and so on<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sheese<\/strong> = below, down, downward(s)<br \/>\n<strong>brishey sheese<\/strong> = to analyse, analysis, break down, rend<br \/>\n<strong>sheese lesh<\/strong> = down the hatch, down with<br \/>\n<strong>soie sheese<\/strong> = to settle, sit down<br \/>\n<strong>heese<\/strong> = beneath, down, downhill, hereafter, lower end, under, knock-down (prices)<br \/>\n<strong>neese<\/strong> = from below up, upwards<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>is<\/strong> = under, underneath, beneath, below, lower than<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>is, iss<\/strong> = under, underneath, beneath, below, lower than<br \/>\n<strong>iss-hau, isheir<\/strong> =  to sink, sink down or lower<br \/>\n<strong>issot, isod<\/strong> = under, underneath, below, beneath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>is<\/strong> = under, underneath, beneath, below, lower than; before; lower, inferior, poorer<br \/>\n<strong>is\u00e2f, is\u00e1u<\/strong> = to come\/go lower, to reduce in rank, lower the pride of, debase, degrade, humble, humiliate<br \/>\n<strong>isafaf, isafu<\/strong> = to minimize, reduce, lower<br \/>\n<strong>isafiad<\/strong> = (one\u2019s) inferior<br \/>\n<strong>isod<\/strong> = under, underneath, below, beneath, on earth, lower down, later, further<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (CerneweC)<\/th>\n<td><strong>isa<\/strong> = lowest<br \/>\n<strong>isot<\/strong> = downwards<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>a-is<\/strong> = below, lower<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>isel<\/strong> = low<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>is<\/strong> = lower, below<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>is<\/strong> = lower, below<br \/>\n<strong>isdouarel<\/strong> = underground<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>peds\u00fa<\/em>, from <em>*p\u1e53ds<\/em> (foot), from <em>*ped-<\/em> (to walk, step) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%C3%ADs#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>\u00edseal<\/strong> (low) in Irish, <strong>\u00ecosal<\/strong> (low, humble) in Scottish Gaelic, <strong>isel<\/strong> (low) in Welsh and related words for low in other Celtic languages, <strong>Fu\u00df<\/strong> (foot) in German and <strong>pie<\/strong> (foot) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2018\/10\/01\/low\/\">more details<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*u\u0278o\/*ufo-<\/strong> = under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fo<\/strong> = beneath, through, throughout, towards, under<br \/>\n<strong>fo b\u00e9sad<\/strong> = after the manner of, like<br \/>\n<strong>fo b\u00edthin<\/strong> = because (of)<br \/>\n<strong>fo ch\u00e9t\u00f3ir<\/strong> = at once, immediately<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fo, fa, f\u00e1<\/strong> = under, underneath, into, through, about, around<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>faoi<\/strong> [f\u02e0i\u02d0] = beneath, below, bearing, supporting, about, round, against<br \/>\n<strong>faoi cheann<\/strong> = by, at, the end of<br \/>\n<strong>faoi adhall<\/strong> = in heat<br \/>\n<strong>faoi bhaile<\/strong> = at home, around<br \/>\n<strong>faoi bhun<\/strong> = beneath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fo<\/strong> [f\u0254] = under, underneath, below, beneath, subordinate<br \/>\n<strong>fo-dhearg<\/strong> = infrared<br \/>\n<strong>fo-inntinn<\/strong> = subconscious<br \/>\n<strong>fo-ros<\/strong> = undergrowth<br \/>\n<strong>fo chle\u00f2ca<\/strong> = under cover, in secret<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fo<\/strong> = below, beneath, under, sunken, dependent, underlaying, subsidiary, junior, assistant<br \/>\n<strong>fo aggle<\/strong> = aghast, alarmed, awestricken<br \/>\n<strong>fo arrey<\/strong> = under surveillance<br \/>\n<strong>fo chiuney<\/strong> = beclamed<br \/>\n<strong>fo druaight<\/strong> = charmed<br \/>\n<strong>fo-heer-vooar<\/strong> = subcontinent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>guo, gu<\/strong> =under, rather, somewhat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwo, gwa, go<\/strong> = under, rather, somewhat<br \/>\n<strong>goaruoel<\/strong> = rather bald, baldish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>go<\/strong> = under, rather, somewhat, slightly, partly, small, exceeding<br \/>\n<strong>go agos<\/strong> = near, almost<br \/>\n<strong>go dde<\/strong> = right, dexterous<br \/>\n<strong>go lew<\/strong> = pretty fair, middling<br \/>\n<strong>go is<\/strong> = beneath<br \/>\n<strong>goarfoel<\/strong> = rather bald, baldish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (CerneweC)<\/th>\n<td><strong>go<\/strong> = rather<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gou, gu, go, fo, uo<\/strong> = under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwa-, gou-<\/strong> = under, sub-<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*upo<\/em> (under, below). Words for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2018\/09\/30\/high\/\">high<\/a> in Celtic languages come from the same root, as does <strong>sub<\/strong>(marine) in English, <strong>sumo<\/strong> (highest, greatest) in Spanish and <strong>summo<\/strong> (hightest, greatest, great) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/up%C3%B3\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*tan\u0101<\/strong> = (point in) time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tan<\/strong> = when, time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tan, tain<\/strong> = time, while, point of time, when, whenever, until, before<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tan<\/strong> [tan] = time, occasion, once upon a time, once<br \/>\n<strong>(an) tan<\/strong> = at the time that, when, whenever, since<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00e0n<\/strong> [ta\u02d0n] =time, season<br \/>\n<strong>an t\u00e0n<\/strong> = when, at the time<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*tan<\/strong> =under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dan, tan<\/strong> = under, below, beneath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tan<\/strong> [tan] = until, under, while<br \/>\n<strong>dan<\/strong> = under, below, beneath, underneath, on the inside, less than, until, while, because, since<br \/>\n<strong>o dan<\/strong> =  under<br \/>\n<strong>tan lw<\/strong> =  under oath<br \/>\n<strong>dan yr awyr, tan awyr<\/strong> =  under the sky, in the open air<br \/>\n<strong>dan ddaear<\/strong> =  underground<br \/>\n<strong>dan din<\/strong> = sneaky, deceitful, stealthy, secret, illicit<br \/>\n<strong>dan y don<\/strong> = under water<br \/>\n<strong>dan draed<\/strong> = underfoot, in the way<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tan<\/strong> = under, beneath, below<br \/>\n<strong>(yn) dan<\/strong> = under, beneath<br \/>\n<strong>danva<\/strong> = a hiding place, concealment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>yn-dann<\/strong> = below,  beneath, under, underneath<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann alhwedh<\/strong> = under lockdown<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann dava<\/strong> = in touch<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann dhor<\/strong> = underground<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann dhowr<\/strong> = underwater<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann gel<\/strong> = in secret, secretly<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann hatt<\/strong> = confidential<br \/>\n<strong>yn-dann with<\/strong> = care of (c\/o)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>tan, dan<\/strong> = under<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dan<\/strong> = bottom, back, under, underneath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dan<\/strong> = basement, subsoil<br \/>\n<strong>dindan<\/strong> = under, on, sub-<br \/>\n<strong>dindan-douar<\/strong> = underground, secret<br \/>\n<strong>dindan-vor<\/strong> = underwater<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*tn\u0325n\u00e9h\u2082<\/em> (a stretch), from <em>*ten-<\/em> (to stretch). Words from the same root include con<strong>tain<\/strong>, <strong>tenant<\/strong>, <strong>tone<\/strong> and <strong>tune<\/strong> in English [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/tan%C4%81\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/create.blubrry.com\/resources\/podcast-media-hosting\/?code=omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_blubrry.png\" alt=\"Blubrry podcast hosting\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for down, below, under and related things in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *\u0278\u012bssu = under Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) \u00eds = below s\u00eds = down, downwards, northwards an\u00eds = below, from below t\u00eds = below Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) \u00eds = below, under s\u00eds, sis = down, downwards, northwards, below, onwards, throughout, onwards s\u00edsana, siosina, sisana = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,44,61,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,10,40,11,12,23,82,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7547","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-german","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7547","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7547"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7547\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7550,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7547\/revisions\/7550"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7547"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7547"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7547"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}