{"id":7467,"date":"2023-08-09T15:13:32","date_gmt":"2023-08-09T14:13:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7467"},"modified":"2025-11-11T18:14:18","modified_gmt":"2025-11-11T18:14:18","slug":"near-and-close","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/08\/09\/near-and-close\/","title":{"rendered":"Near and Close"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>near<\/strong>, <strong>close<\/strong> and <strong>and<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tambako\/50107099933\/in\/photolist-2jkMZ76-Svnxg4-2maC3Vc-2gUfsHN-2iqEMGz-wheoEC-4EDU56-2m5RW36-y8axuS-616aa5-2eNYft5-Qqmyri-4vZegu-5m2BTk-FBWLRf-4MeVp-2ifo6gX-2mye5sT-2iSoSzz-QSE47o-28imcsQ-2hUtttG-2gTgyUj-TMMP25-2nR6S39-2merysY-85KdJh-dgCp52-2kckSyD-2nue77N-2nkbDFA-2o5Jwz4-9WqLsH-WWsUox-2mFLP6u-xJZ1g-2gAz5qX-2i1Gzzn-2mb1b1f-DUHSpH-2ojG8AR-CheQQ9-2k12ikG-2mmNq41-dgCrb9-2mGzWfS-BcbMQs-6537Mk-2kqrcAt-2gALPDY\" title=\"A group of meerkats\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/50107099933_ecab3cbeb7_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" alt=\"A group of meerkats\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*adgostus<\/strong> = near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ocus<\/strong> [\u02c8o\u0261us] = near, close, nearness, proximity, and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ocus, acus<\/strong> = and, near, nearness, proximity<br \/>\n<strong>com(\u1e1f)ocus, comacus<\/strong> =  near, proximate, neighbouring; equidistant,  proximity; relationship<br \/>\n<strong>focus<\/strong> = near, close<br \/>\n<strong>bean fagas, bean \u1e1fogas<\/strong> = kinswoman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>agus<\/strong> (\u204a) [\u02c8\u0251\u0261\u0259s\u02e0\/\u02c8a\u0261\u0259s\u02e0] = and, while, although, as<br \/>\n<strong>agus\u00f3ir<\/strong> = halting, inarticulate, speaker<br \/>\n<strong>aguis\u00edn<\/strong> = addition, addendum<br \/>\n<strong>fogas<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02e0\u028c\u0261\u0259s\u02e0] = nearness, closeness, near, close<br \/>\n<strong>fogasghaol<\/strong> = near relationship, near relative<br \/>\n<strong>foisceacht<\/strong> = nearness, proximity<br \/>\n<strong>br\u00e1thair fogas<\/strong> = near kinsman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>agus<\/strong> (\u204a) [ag\u0259s] = and, plus, as, while, although<br \/>\n<strong>agusan<\/strong> = Tironian\/Gaelic ampersand (\u204a)<br \/>\n<strong>fagas<\/strong> [fag\u0259s] = close, near<br \/>\n<strong>fagasg<\/strong> [fag\u0259sg] = proximity, nearness<br \/>\n<strong>fagasachd<\/strong> [fag\u0259s\u0259xg] = adjacency, nearness, proximity<br \/>\n<strong>fagasach<\/strong> [fag\u0259s\u0259x] = adjacent<br \/>\n<strong>faisg<\/strong> [fa\u0283g\u02b2] = close, near<br \/>\n<strong>faisgead<\/strong> [fa\u0283g\u02b2\u0259d] = degree of nearness\/proximity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>as<\/strong> = and, as<br \/>\n<strong>faggys<\/strong> =  almost, close, contiguous, handy, near, nearby, neighbouring<br \/>\n<strong>faggys-yalloo<\/strong> = closeup<br \/>\n<strong>faggysaght<\/strong> =  adjacency, nearness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>agos<\/strong> = near, close<br \/>\n<strong>agoseieit<\/strong> = close relations or friends<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>agos<\/strong> [\u02c8a\u0261\u0254s \/ \u02c8a(\u02d0)\u0261\u0254s] = near, close, almost, nearly, on the verge of, about to<br \/>\n<strong>agos\u00e2d<\/strong> = a drawing near, approach<br \/>\n<strong>agosaf, agosi<\/strong> = to draw near, approach<br \/>\n<strong>agosaol<\/strong> = approaching<br \/>\n<strong>agoseiaid<\/strong> = close relations or friends<br \/>\n<strong>agosiad<\/strong> = close relation or friend<br \/>\n<strong>agosrwydd<\/strong> = closeness, nearness, proximity<br \/>\n<strong>agoster<\/strong> = closeness, nearness, proximity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>ogos<\/strong> = near, close<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (CerneweC)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ogas, oges, ogos, agos<\/strong> = near, neighbouring<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ogas<\/strong> = adjoining, close, near, almost, nearly, vicinity<br \/>\n<strong>ogas ha<\/strong> = approximately<br \/>\n<strong>ogas lowr<\/strong> = approximate<br \/>\n<strong>yn ogas, en ogas<\/strong> = closely, nearby<br \/>\n<strong>ogasti, ogatti<\/strong> = almost, nearly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>ocos<\/strong> = near, close<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hogos, hegos, ogos, egos<\/strong> = almost, barely, close, near<br \/>\n<strong>hogoster, hogosder<\/strong> = proximity<br \/>\n<strong>hogozik, hogosicq, hogosic<\/strong> = almost, close, near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hogos<\/strong> = near, close, almost<br \/>\n<strong>hogosder<\/strong> = proximity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*ad-<\/em> (to, at towards), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2082\u00e9d<\/em> (to, at), and PIE <em>*\u01f5\u02b0es-<\/em> (hand, to take, give in exchange) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/adgostus\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE roots include <strong>chiropractor<\/strong>, <strong>host<\/strong>, <strong>million<\/strong>, <strong>surgeon<\/strong> and words beginning with <strong>kilo-<\/strong> and <strong>milli-<\/strong> in English [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/%C7%B5%CA%B0es-\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*nessais, *nezdais<\/strong> = nearer, closer<br \/>\n<strong>*nessamos<\/strong> = nearest, next<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>ne\u0111\u0111amon<\/strong> = nearest (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nessa<\/strong> [\u02c8n\u0320\u02b2e.sa] = nearer, closer<br \/>\n<strong>nessam<\/strong> = nearest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes(s)a, nes(s)o, nes(s)u<\/strong> = nearer<br \/>\n<strong>nes(s)a, nes(s)am<\/strong> = nearest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>neas<\/strong> [n\u02b2as\u02e0 \/ n\u0320\u02b2as\u02e0] = approximate, near<br \/>\n<strong>neasa<\/strong> = nearer, nearest<br \/>\n<strong>neasach<\/strong> = proximal<br \/>\n<strong>neasacht<\/strong> = nearness, proximity<br \/>\n<strong>neasaigh<\/strong> = approximate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>neasan\u2020<\/strong> = next, or nearest place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>niessey<\/strong> = nearer<br \/>\n<strong>s&#8217;niessey<\/strong> =  closer, closest, nearer, nearest<br \/>\n<strong>sniessey<\/strong> = adjacent, nearer, next, proximate<br \/>\n<strong>niessid<\/strong> =  contiguity, nearness, proximity, compactness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*nes<\/strong> = nearer (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> = nearer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> = nearer, until<br \/>\n<strong>nessaw, nessaf, nesaf<\/strong> = neatest, closest, next (to)<br \/>\n<strong>nessa, nesa, nessu<\/strong> = to draw near, come nearer, approach, bring near<br \/>\n<strong>nes(e)d, nesset<\/strong> = as near as, so near, how near<br \/>\n<strong>nesder<\/strong> = nearness, proximity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> [ne\u02d0s] = nearer, until, till<br \/>\n<strong>nes\u00e2d<\/strong> = an approach(ing), a coming<br \/>\n<strong>nesaf<\/strong> = nearest, closest, next (to)<br \/>\n<strong>nesaf, nesu, nesyd<\/strong> = to draw near, come nearer, approach, bring near<br \/>\n<strong>nesed<\/strong> = as near as, so near, how near<br \/>\n<strong>nester<\/strong> = nearness, proximity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> = nearer, near<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (CerneweC)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes, n\u00eas<\/strong> = nearer, near, again<br \/>\n<strong>neshevin<\/strong> = neighbour<br \/>\n<strong>nessa<\/strong> = nearest, next, hithermost, second<br \/>\n<strong>nesse<\/strong> = to draw near, approach<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> = close, nearer<br \/>\n<strong>yn-nes, en-nes<\/strong> = closer, nearer<br \/>\n<strong>nesa<\/strong> = to approach<br \/>\n<strong>nesadow<\/strong> = approachable<br \/>\n<strong>neshe<\/strong> = to approach, close, near<br \/>\n<strong>neshevin, neskar<\/strong> = next of kin, relative, cognate<br \/>\n<strong>nesogas<\/strong> = approximate<br \/>\n<strong>nessa<\/strong> = nearer, next, second, secondary<br \/>\n<strong>nester<\/strong> = proximity<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> = close, next<br \/>\n<strong>nesham<\/strong> = next<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> = close, next<br \/>\n<strong>nessaff<\/strong> = closest, next<br \/>\n<strong>nessat<\/strong> = to approach, get closer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>nes<\/strong> [\u02c8ne\u02d0s] = close, next, intimate<br \/>\n<strong>nesaat<\/strong> [ne.\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0t] = to approach, get closer<br \/>\n<strong>nesadur<\/strong> = approximation<br \/>\n<strong>nesaek<\/strong> = intimate<br \/>\n<strong>nesaet<\/strong> = approximate<br \/>\n<strong>nesa\u00f1<\/strong> [\u02c8nes\u02d0.\u00e3] = closest, next, other<br \/>\n<strong>nesa\u00f1ded<\/strong> = alliance, proximity, genealogy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: uncertain [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/nessais\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*atk\u02b7e<\/strong> = and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha, hac, hay, ac<\/strong> = and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha, a, hac, hay, ac<\/strong> = and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>a, ac<\/strong> [a(k), a(\u0261)]  = and, considering, in view of<br \/>\n<strong>a(c) &#8230; a(c)<\/strong> = both &#8230; and, not only &#8230; but also<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha<\/strong> = and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (CerneweC)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha(g), a<\/strong> = and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha(g)<\/strong> [ha(\u0261)] = and, plus, while<br \/>\n<strong>hag erel (h.e.)<\/strong> = etc.<br \/>\n<strong>hag oll<\/strong> = moreover<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>a, ha, hac<\/strong> = and<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha, hag, ham, haz<\/strong> = and<br \/>\n<strong>hag all, ha a, hag e-se<\/strong> = etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ha(g)<\/strong> = and<br \/>\n<strong>hag all (h.a.)<\/strong> = etc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2082\u00e9t-k\u02b7e<\/em>. The Latin word <em>atque<\/em> (and, yet, nevertheless, as, than) comes from the same root [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/ac#Welsh\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/ling-app.com\/offer-yearly-subscription\/?affiliateId=omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_ling-app.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"79\" alt=\"Language skills in just 10 minutes a day with Ling\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/An_Etymological_Dictionary_of_the_Gaelic_Language\">An etymological dictionary of the Gaelic language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/dictionaryq.com\/gaelg\/\">Fockleyreen: Manx &#8211; English Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/corpus.gaelg.im\/\">Gaelg Corpus<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\/page\/n5\/mode\/2up\">Lexicon cornu-britannicum : a dictionary of the ancient Celtic language of Cornwall<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Devri : Le dictionaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/fr\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for near, close and and and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *adgostus = near Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) ocus [\u02c8o\u0261us] = near, close, nearness, proximity, and Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ocus, acus = and, near, nearness, proximity com(\u1e1f)ocus, comacus = near, proximate, neighbouring; equidistant, proximity; relationship focus = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,21,3,36,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,9,10,40,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[52,80,313,51,145,48,47,53,49,312,314,315,55,50],"class_list":["post-7467","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words","tag-breton","tag-celtic","tag-close","tag-cornish","tag-etymology","tag-gaelic","tag-irish","tag-language","tag-manx","tag-near","tag-nearer","tag-nearest","tag-scottish-gaelic","tag-welsh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7467","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7467"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7467\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9040,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7467\/revisions\/9040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7467"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7467"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7467"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}