{"id":7422,"date":"2023-07-27T17:31:57","date_gmt":"2023-07-27T16:31:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7422"},"modified":"2023-07-27T17:31:57","modified_gmt":"2023-07-27T16:31:57","slug":"hard","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/07\/27\/hard\/","title":{"rendered":"Hard"},"content":{"rendered":"

Words for hard<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n

\"Hard\"<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*kaletos<\/strong> = hard, strong, cruel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gaulish<\/th>\nCaleti<\/strong> (ethnonym<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Goídelc)<\/th>\ncalad<\/strong> = hard, stingy, hardship<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\ncalad, calath, caladh<\/strong> = hard, stingy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ncaladh<\/strong> [ˈkɑl̪ˠə\/ˈkalˠə\/ˈkalˠu] = hard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymreac)<\/th>\ncaled, kalet, calett<\/strong> = hard, rough, cruel
\ncaledi, kaledi<\/strong> = hardness, hardship, adversity
\nkaledwch, cledwch<\/strong> = hardness, severity, cruelty, callousness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ncaled<\/strong> = hard, rough, cruel, unfeeling, sore, severe, strict, thrifty, obstinate, abstruse, difficult, hardy, tough
\ncaledaf, caledu, caledo, cledo<\/strong> = to harden, dry, grow unfeeling or stubborn
\ncalededd<\/strong> = hardness, severity
\ncaleden<\/strong> = callus
\ncaledfyd<\/strong> = hardship, distress, adversity
\ncaled-galon<\/strong> = hard-hearted, callous
\ncaledi<\/strong> = hardness, hardship, adversity
\ncaledwch<\/strong> = hardness, severity, cruelty, callousness
\ncaledwedd<\/strong> = (computer) hardware<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\ncales, calas, calys<\/strong> = hard, difficult
\ncaletter, calatter<\/strong> = hardness, difficulty
\ncalessa, calassa<\/strong> = hardest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\nkales<\/strong> = difficult, hard, severe, tough
\nkalesweyth<\/strong> = hardware
\nkaletter<\/strong> = difficulty, hardness
\npenn kales<\/strong> = obstinate, stubborn<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\ncalet, kalet<\/strong> = hard, deep (sleep)
\ncaletaat, kaletaat<\/strong> = to harden, toughen up
\ncaleded<\/strong> = hardness, toughness
\ncaleder, calletter, caleder<\/strong> = hardness, toughness, difficulty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\nkalet<\/strong> = hard, raw, crude
\nkaleted<\/strong> = hardness, toughness
\nkaleter<\/strong> = endurance
\nkaledenn<\/strong> = hard, callus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European *ḱlH-eto-<\/em> (cold), related to *kal-<\/em> (hard) [source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include callus<\/strong> and callous<\/strong> in English, калити<\/strong> [kǎːliti] (to harden, temper) in Serbian, and callo<\/strong> (callus, corn, tripe) in Spanish [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*kroudis\/*krowdi-<\/strong> = rude<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Goídelc)<\/th>\ncrúaid<\/strong> = hard, harsh, stern
\ncrúadach<\/strong> = cruel, harsh
\ncrúaide<\/strong> = hardness
\ncrúadaigid<\/strong> = to harden, stiffen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\ncrúaid, cruaidh<\/strong> = hard(y), harsh, stern, strict
\ncrúadach, cruadach<\/strong> = hard, cruel, harsh
\ncrúadagid, cruadhaigh<\/strong> = hardens, stiffens
\ncrúadáil, cruadhál<\/strong> = hardship, cruelty
\ncrúadóc, crúadhóg<\/strong> = hardship, strait, difficulty
\ncrúaide, cruaide<\/strong> = hardness, harshness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ncrua<\/strong> [kɾˠuə\/kɾˠuəɟ\/kɾˠuəj] = hard, firm, difficult, severe
\ncruach<\/strong> [kɾˠuəx \/ kɾˠɔx] = steel
\ncruachan<\/strong> = hardening
\ncruachás<\/strong> = predicament, difficulty, distress
\ncruachásach<\/strong> = in a difficulty, distressed
\ncruacht<\/strong> = hardness, hardiness, stinginess
\ncruara<\/strong> = hardware
\ncruas<\/strong> = hardness, stinginess<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)<\/th>\ncruaidh<\/strong> [kruəj] = steel; stone anchor; hard, rocky ground
\ncruaidh-chàs<\/strong> = danger, peril, difficulty, hardship
\ncruaidh-fhortan<\/strong> = misfortune
\ncruaidhead<\/strong> [kruəjəd] = degree of hardness
\ncruaidheadh<\/strong> [kruəjəɣ] = solidifying, hardening, drying<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\ncreoi<\/strong> = adamant, difficult, hardy, heartless, hard, solid, tough, bitter (frost), blistering (language)
\ncreoghey<\/strong> = to harden, forbear, set against
\ncreoighey<\/strong> = to harden, stiffen; hardening
\ncreoidys<\/strong> = hardihood, hardness
\ncreoighys<\/strong> = callosity, hardness, obduracy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic *krū-<\/em> (blood), from Proto-Indo-European *krewh₂-<\/em> (blood outside the body) [source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include crude<\/strong>, cruel<\/strong> and raw<\/strong> in English [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n

Sources: Wiktionary<\/a>, Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, Teanglann.ie<\/a>, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, In Dúil Bélrai English – Old Irish glossary<\/a>, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, TermOfis<\/a>, English – ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\"Blubrry<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Words for hard and related things in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *kaletos = hard, strong, cruel Gaulish Caleti (ethnonym) Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) calad = hard, stingy, hardship Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) calad, calath, caladh = hard, stingy Irish (Gaeilge) caladh [\u02c8k\u0251l\u032a\u02e0\u0259\/\u02c8kal\u02e0\u0259\/\u02c8kal\u02e0u] = hard Middle Welsh (Kymreac) caled, kalet, calett = hard, rough, cruel caledi, kaledi = hardness, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,25,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,10,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7422"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7429,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7422\/revisions\/7429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}