{"id":7381,"date":"2023-07-06T16:49:36","date_gmt":"2023-07-06T15:49:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7381"},"modified":"2023-07-07T15:08:04","modified_gmt":"2023-07-07T14:08:04","slug":"spears-and-javelins","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/07\/06\/spears-and-javelins\/","title":{"rendered":"Spears and Javelins"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>spear<\/strong>, <strong>javelin<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages:<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/53370644@N06\/4975878855\/in\/photolist-2mEjrf8-dr7deY-2hhqcWs-HTGrAE-RP5DV4-2e4zXHB-2fvYcP1-JpfhFd-HTEGZi-24XatYH-2hndn1h-ae6LQx-2e79ZHR-JM1YmY-8zGFqK-6fRuip-2hZpUH7-WGrqqf-4D2ccY-dGAqiz-djRgNU-cGgKmL-2hZmhoF-fhRQyk-fesbyE-f7tdoP-4vP7xp-dGAcBi-sWLJrT-UFgv1A-qF4HKN-76TKw1-awZCRJ-oye7LG-6oVZYe-nYBr2Y-M6cg4f-obJcrP-obcUv5-d7Ycdf-6ozBuZ-6oDM1S-py3PXM-nMiy9M-qdfTfU-zBG9u-ohSrdg-d7Yocq\" title=\"BXP135630\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/4151\/4975878855_63e12953e1_z.jpg\" alt=\"BXP135630\" width=\"640\" height=\"400\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*gaisos<\/strong> = spear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*gaisos<\/strong> = spear<br \/>\n<strong>*Ariogaisos<\/strong> = <em>male given name<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gae<\/strong> [\u0261ai\u032f] = javelin, spear, penis<br \/>\n<strong>gae cr\u00f3<\/strong> = gush of blood, haemorrhage, unhealed wound<br \/>\n<strong>gae gr\u00e9ne<\/strong> = sunbeam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gae, ga<\/strong> = spear, javelin; ray, beam<br \/>\n<strong>ga-\u00edn<\/strong> = little javelin<br \/>\n<strong>ga\u00edde<\/strong> = armed with a spear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ga<\/strong> [\u0261a\/\u0261a\u02d0\/\u0261ah] = spear, dart, sting, ray (of light), radius, suppository, (fishing) gaff<br \/>\n<strong>ga-chat\u00f3ideach<\/strong> = cathode ray<br \/>\n<strong>ga-gr\u00e9ine<\/strong> = sunbeam<br \/>\n<strong>ga-geala\u00ed<\/strong> = moonbeam<br \/>\n<strong>ga-shim\u00e9adracht<\/strong> = radial symmetry<br \/>\n<strong>g\u00e1ma-gha<\/strong> = gamma ray<br \/>\n<strong>X-gha<\/strong> = X-ray<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gath<\/strong> [\u0261ah] = dart, beam, ray (of light), sting, barb, knot (in wood), shooting pain, sprout<br \/>\n<strong>gath-gealaich, gath-luain<\/strong> = moonbeam<br \/>\n<strong>gath-gr\u00e8ine<\/strong> = sunbeam<br \/>\n<strong>gath-leusair<\/strong> = laser beam<br \/>\n<strong>gath-x, gath-\u00f2mair<\/strong> = X-ray<br \/>\n<strong>gath cathod<\/strong> = cathode ray<br \/>\n<strong>gath-solais<\/strong> = ray of light, light beam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goull<\/strong> = beam, dart, ray<br \/>\n<strong>goull eayst<\/strong> = moonbeam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guaew, gvoev, gwaew, gwayw<\/strong> = lance, spear, javelin<br \/>\n<strong>gwaewdwnn<\/strong> = with broken spear, bold, broken by pain<br \/>\n<strong>gwaew ffon, gwaiw ffon<\/strong> = speak, lance, javelin, pike<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwayw<\/strong> [\u0261we\u0268\u032f.\u028a\/\u02c8\u0261wei\u032f.u] = lance, spear, javelin; shooting pain, stab, stitch, pang<br \/>\n<strong>gwaywawr, gwaywor<\/strong> = spearman, lancer, pikeman<br \/>\n<strong>gwaywdwn<\/strong> = with broken spear, bold, broken by pain<br \/>\n<strong>gwayw-fwyell<\/strong> = halberd<br \/>\n<strong>gwaywffon<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261we\u0268\u032fwf\u0254n\/\u02c8\u0261wei\u032fwf\u0254n] = speak, lance, javelin, pike<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>(hoch-)wuyu<\/strong> = spear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guw<\/strong> = spear. lance, javelin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guw<\/strong> = spear<br \/>\n<strong>guwa<\/strong> = to spear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>(guu)goiou<\/strong> = spear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goaff, goaf, goao, gwaf<\/strong> = spear, stamen, boat hook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>goaf<\/strong> = spear, pike, javelin, stamen<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Germanic <em>*gaizaz<\/em> [\u02c8\u0263\u0251i\u032f.z\u0251z] (spear, pike, javelin), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*\u01f5\u02b0oys\u00f3s<\/em> (throwing spear), from <em>*\u01f5\u02b0ey-<\/em> (to throw, impel) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/gaisos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root include <strong>gezi<\/strong> [\u0261e\u031e.s\u033bi] (arrow) in Basque (via Latin and Gaulish), <strong>\u0563\u0561\u0575\u056b\u057d\u0578\u0576<\/strong> [\u0261\u0251ji\u02c8s\u0254n\/k\u02b0\u0251ji\u02c8s\u0254n] (sceptre) in Armenian (via Ancient Greek), <em>gaesum<\/em> (a Gaulish javelin) in Latin, and <em>\u03b3\u03b1\u1fd6\u03c3\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> [\u0261\u00e2i\u032f.sos] (a Gaulish javelin) in Ancient Greek [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/d%C3%A9%E1%B8%B1m%CC%A5\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same Proto-Germanic root include <strong>garfish<\/strong> (any fish of the needlefish family <em>Belonidae<\/em>) in English [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/garfish#English\">source<\/a>], <strong>geer<\/strong> (spear) in Dutch, <strong>Ger<\/strong> (spear) in German, <strong>geir<\/strong> (spear) in Icelandic, <strong>keih\u00e4s<\/strong> (spear, javelin, pike) in Finnish, [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic\/gaizaz\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>My surname, <strong>Ager<\/strong>, possibly comes from the same Proto-Germanic root as well, via the Old English name <em>\u0112adg\u0101r<\/em>, from <em>\u0113ad<\/em> (happiness, prosperity), and <em>g\u0101r<\/em> (spear) [<a href=\"https:\/\/www.surnamedb.com\/Surname\/Ager\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhspearg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for spear, javelin and related things in Celtic languages: Proto-Celtic *gaisos = spear Gaulish *gaisos = spear *Ariogaisos = male given name Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) gae [\u0261ai\u032f] = javelin, spear, penis gae cr\u00f3 = gush of blood, haemorrhage, unhealed wound gae gr\u00e9ne = sunbeam Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) gae, ga = spear, javelin; ray, beam [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,39,114,100,16,26,81,19,20,129,25,61,65,21,3,36,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,71,12,67,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7381","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-ancient-greek","category-armenian-","category-basque-euskera","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-finnish-suomi","category-gaulish","category-german","category-icelandic-islenska","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-english-aenglisc","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7381","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7381"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7381\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7387,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7381\/revisions\/7387"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7381"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7381"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7381"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}