{"id":7171,"date":"2023-03-02T15:55:05","date_gmt":"2023-03-02T15:55:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=7171"},"modified":"2023-03-04T12:58:33","modified_gmt":"2023-03-04T12:58:33","slug":"revenge","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2023\/03\/02\/revenge\/","title":{"rendered":"Revenge"},"content":{"rendered":"

In this post we\u2019re looking into words for revenge<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n

\"Revenge<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*d\u012bgal\u0101<\/strong> = revenge, vengeance<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\nd\u00edgal<\/strong> [\u02c8d\u02b2i\u02d0\u0263al] = revenge, vengeance, punishment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nd\u00edgal<\/strong> = avenging, punishing; vengeance, punishment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\nd\u00edoghail<\/strong> = vengeance, retribution, punishment; to avenge, punish<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\nd\u00ecoghail<\/strong> [d\u02b2i\u0259.al] = revenge, vengeance
\nd\u00ecoghailte<\/strong> = revenged, avenged, retaliated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\njeeyll, jeeill<\/strong> = damage, harmfulness, havoc, injury, prejudice, vandalism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*di\u0263al<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Welsh<\/th>\ndigal<\/strong> = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\ndial<\/strong> = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
\ndialaeth<\/strong> = vengeance, revenge, punishment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ndial<\/strong> [\u02c8d\u026a.al\/\u02c8di\u02d0.al] = vengeance, revenge, retribution, punishment
\ndialaeth<\/strong> = vengeance, revenge, punishment
\ndialaethaf, dialaethu<\/strong> = to wreak vengeance upon, punish
\ndialaf, diala, dialu<\/strong> = to avenge, revenge, retaliate
\ndialaidd<\/strong> = revengeful, retributive
\ndialbren<\/strong> = gallows, gibbet, rack
\ndialedd<\/strong> = vengeance, retribution, nemesis, pain, disease, plague
\ndialeddwr<\/strong> = avenger, punisher<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\ndyal, dial<\/strong> = revenge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\ndial<\/strong> = retribution, revenge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\ndial<\/strong> = vengeance, revenge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\ndial<\/strong> = vengeance, revenge, to take revenge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from *d\u012b-<\/em> (from, of) and\u200e *gal\u0101<\/em> (might, ability), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *\u1e31ley-<\/em> (naked, head) [source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE root include callow<\/strong> in English, kaal<\/strong> (smooth, bland, plain, bald) in Dutch, and kahl<\/strong> (bald, hairless, barren) in German [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Other words from the Proto-Celtic root *gal\u0101<\/em> include gal<\/strong> (ardour, valour, fury) in Irish, gal<\/strong> (ardour, valour, fury, vapour, steam) in Scottish Gaelic, gaal\/gall<\/strong> (vapour) in Manx, g\u00e2l<\/strong> (enemy, adversary) in Welsh, gal<\/strong> (outcast, villain) in Cornish, and gal<\/strong> (violent, intense, urgent) in Middle Breton [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

The Proto-Celtic word *galnati<\/em> (to be able) comes from the same root. Descendents include gallu<\/strong> (to be able to, to have power (to)) in Welsh, gallos<\/strong> (to be able to, can, ability, might, power) in Cornish, and gallout<\/strong> (to be able to) in Breton [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Sources: Wiktionary<\/a>, Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, Teanglann.ie<\/a>, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English – Old Irish glossary<\/a>, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, TermOfis<\/a>, Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, Geriafurch<\/a>, English – ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

\"The<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

In this post we\u2019re looking into words for revenge and related things in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *d\u012bgal\u0101 = revenge, vengeance Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) d\u00edgal [\u02c8d\u02b2i\u02d0\u0263al] = revenge, vengeance, punishment Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) d\u00edgal = avenging, punishing; vengeance, punishment Irish (Gaeilge) d\u00edoghail = vengeance, retribution, punishment; to avenge, punish Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) d\u00ecoghail [d\u02b2i\u0259.al] = revenge, […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,81,19,20,61,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,10,40,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7171","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7171","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7171"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7171\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7175,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7171\/revisions\/7175"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7171"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7171"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7171"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}