{"id":6994,"date":"2022-11-24T14:46:48","date_gmt":"2022-11-24T14:46:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6994"},"modified":"2024-07-07T21:02:04","modified_gmt":"2024-07-07T20:02:04","slug":"sticks-and-rods","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/11\/24\/sticks-and-rods\/","title":{"rendered":"Sticks and Rods"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today we\u2019re looking at words for <strong>sticks<\/strong>, <strong>rods<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/davs_piccies\/4102907658\/in\/photolist-7fytvd-cHXrCd-2kSk42r-doKaGM-5mwtrg-6NGx5v-4ev6Xh-7hyUy1-4WGNn4-nGqW7x-5Qi9f3-aaWSsm-nZPPgy-nqeciS-KV72DG-6n5eHU-edWj8x-29iZvnt-nGHRKX-777CUh-2iosFQi-2iotRED-uG6Ars-8bmKXK-nqegpi-nGGgy1-nHr6oG-7Efx25-2gB4g93-6f45hN-skzdFQ-rr4bkB-rr4b5B-p1wZyT-nqesw9-nqerS3-nqecG7-nDS7ii-nJvgRp-nGGgrN-2jeXVgf-JD3u7X-nGGgGs-83PP1J-aJfsxi-VH6JpU-83K3Be-s6gMPL-snPUSB-skzcgq\" title=\"Plaster lath\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/2634\/4102907658_3aa29eeaab_z.jpg\" alt=\"Plaster lath\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*slatt\u0101<\/strong> = staff, stalk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>slat<\/strong> = rod, lath, twig; ceremonial rod, staff; branch of a tree; scion, youth, stripling; yard (measure of length)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>slat<\/strong> = rod, lath, twig, branch of a tree, scion, youth, stripling, a yard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>slat<\/strong> [s\u02e0l\u032a\u02e0\u0251t\u032a\u02e0\/s\u02e0l\u02e0at\u032a\u02e0] = rod, slender stick, cane, switch, wand, yard, outskirts<br \/>\n<strong>slatach<\/strong> = rodlike, made of rods, wickered<br \/>\n<strong>slat\u00e1il<\/strong> = beat with a switch or birch<br \/>\n<strong>slataire<\/strong> = slip (of a person), sapling, tall supple youth<br \/>\n<strong>slatam\u00e1il<\/strong> = (act of) birching<br \/>\n<strong>slatfhear<\/strong> = slender supple man<br \/>\n<strong>slat\u00f3g<\/strong> = small rod, twig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>slat<\/strong> [sl\u032a\u02e0ahd] = long stick, rod, yard (measure), penis<br \/>\n<strong>slatag<\/strong> = small branch, twig<br \/>\n<strong>slat Gh\u00e0idhealach<\/strong> = Highland yard (8&#8242;)<br \/>\n<strong>slat-tomhais<\/strong> = standard, yardstick<br \/>\n<strong>slatan-draoidheachd<\/strong> = magic wand, fairy wand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>slat(t)<\/strong> = batten, birch, cane, mace, rail, rod, slat, stem, switch, verge, wand<br \/>\n<strong>slat hendreil<\/strong> = lightning-rod<br \/>\n<strong>slat hows(h)e<\/strong> = criterion, yardstick<br \/>\n<strong>slat hummee<\/strong> = dipper, dipstick<br \/>\n<strong>slattag<\/strong> = perch, small rod, small stick, stripe, swizzle stick, twig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*lla\u03b8<\/strong> = rod, staff, stick, spear, beam, rafter, pole<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lath<\/strong> = rod, staff, wand, stick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>llath<\/strong> [\u026ca\u02d0\u03b8] = rod, staff, wand, stick, lath, spear, lance, spar, rafter, beam, offshoot, descendant<br \/>\n<strong>llath Gymreig<\/strong> = Welsh yard (about 40 inches)<br \/>\n<strong>llathaid<\/strong> = yard\u2019s length, yardstick, length of rod, pole or perch, square yard<br \/>\n<strong>lathen<\/strong> = rod, wand, staff, stick, lath<br \/>\n<strong>llathennaf, llathennu<\/strong> = to measure, be critical (of)<br \/>\n<strong>hudlath<\/strong> = magic wand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lath<\/strong> = hook, hinge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lath<\/strong> = stick, staff, yard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>lath<\/strong> = pole, rod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lazh, laz, lah<\/strong> = pole, rod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>lazh<\/strong> = slat (of a plough), board, batten<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: unknown &#8211; possibly from a substrate language of northwestern Europe [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/slatt%C4%81\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words that may be related include <strong>lath<\/strong> (a thin, narrow strip, fastened to the rafters) in English, <strong>Latte<\/strong> (batten, lath, slat) in German, <strong>lat<\/strong> (slate, lath, ruler, yardstick) in Dutch, and  <strong>lata<\/strong> (can, tin, plate) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic\/latt%C5%8D\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*mazdyo-<\/strong> = stick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>maide<\/strong> = stick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>maide, mada<\/strong> = stick, staff, beam, log, wood, timber<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>maide<\/strong> [\u02c8m\u02e0ad\u02b2\u0259\/\u02c8m\u02e0\u00e6d\u02b2\u0259] = stick, bar, beam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>maide<\/strong> [mad\u02b2\u0259] = piece of wood, stick, rod<br \/>\n<strong>maide-brataich<\/strong> = flagstaff<br \/>\n<strong>maide-l\u00e0imhe<\/strong> = walking stick<br \/>\n<strong>maide-l\u00e0raich<\/strong> = floorboard<br \/>\n<strong>maidean<\/strong> [mad\u02b2an] = small piece of wood \/ stick, small rod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>maidjey<\/strong> [\u02c8ma\u02d0\u0292\u0259 \/ \u02c8ma\u02d0j\u0259] = stick, rod, pole, leve, bat, club, cue, lever, bar<br \/>\n<strong>maidjey cassee<\/strong> = steering oar<br \/>\n<strong>maidjey obbee<\/strong> = magic wand<br \/>\n<strong>maidjey shooyl<\/strong> = walking stick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from PIE <em>*masdo-<\/em> (plank, board, pole) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/maide#Middle_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same PIE roots include <strong>mast<\/strong> in English, <strong>Mast<\/strong> (mast, pylon) in German, and <strong>most<\/strong> (bridge) in Czech, Polish and Slovak  [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic\/most%D1%8A\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*s\u0278ondos, *sfondo-<\/strong> = stick, staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sonn<\/strong> = beam, palisade, post, prop, stake<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sond, sonn, sunn<\/strong> = stake, post, beam, prop, club, palisade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sonn<\/strong> = stake, post, upright (in a structure), shaft, pole, stout handle (of a weapon)<br \/>\n<strong>sonnach<\/strong> = paling, palisade, stockade<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>sonn<\/strong> [s\u0254un\u032a\u02e0] = champion, hero, post, stake<br \/>\n<strong>sonnach<\/strong> [s\u0254n\u032a\u02e0\u0259x] = paling, palisade, palisaded<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*fonn<\/strong> = stick (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh (Kembraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>finn<\/strong> = stick, staff, rod<br \/>\n<strong>fonnaul<\/strong> = pertaining to a stick or spear<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ffonn, ffon<\/strong> = stick, staff, rod<br \/>\n<strong>effonnaut, ffonod<\/strong> = stroke with a stick, blow, stripe<br \/>\n<strong>fonog<\/strong> = carrying a staff or spear, spearman<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ffon<\/strong> [f\u0254n] = stick, walking-stick, staff, crook, rod, club, cudgel, lance, bar, rung, stave<br \/>\n<strong>ffondorio<\/strong> = to beat with a stick<br \/>\n<strong>ffoniad<\/strong> = blow with a stick, beating<br \/>\n<strong>ffonio<\/strong> = to beat with a stick, thrash<br \/>\n<strong>ffonnod<\/strong> = stroke with a stick, blow, stripe<br \/>\n<strong>cynffon<\/strong> = tail<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from PIE <em>*sph\u2082en-<\/em> (to cut off; chip, shaving, log, length of wood) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/ffon\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same roots possibly include <strong>spoon<\/strong> and <strong>sphene<\/strong> (titanite &#8211; a kind of mineral) in English, <strong>sponda<\/strong> (bank, shore, side, bedstead) in Italian, <strong>Span<\/strong> (chip, shaving, clipping) in German, and  <strong>piena<\/strong> (cleat) in Finnish.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>f\u00e9<\/strong> = rod for measuring a grave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*u\u032fii\u032f\u0259-l-<\/strong> = rod<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gweyelin, guaylen, gwyeil, gwyalen<\/strong> = rod, twig, sapling, cane, stick, offshot<br \/>\n<strong>gwialenffon, gwialen ffon<\/strong> = staff, stick, cudgel, pole<br \/>\n<strong>guialennig<\/strong> = small rod or stick, switch<br \/>\n<strong>gwiailffyn<\/strong> = stick, staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwialen, gwyalen<\/strong> = rod, twig, sapling, cane, stick, offshot<br \/>\n<strong>gwialenffon<\/strong> = staff, stick, cudgel, pole<br \/>\n<strong>gwialennig<\/strong> = small rod or stick, switch, short line, measure of length, perch, pole<br \/>\n<strong>gwialfa<\/strong> = wicker-basket, pannier, place where osiers grow<br \/>\n<strong>gwialffon<\/strong> = stick, staff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>guaylen<\/strong> = rod, yard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwelen, gwelan<\/strong> = rod, yard (measure)<br \/>\n<strong>gwel<\/strong> = rods, sticks<br \/>\n<strong>gwelen<\/strong> = rod, stick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwelen<\/strong> = cane, pole, rod, shaft, stick, wand<br \/>\n<strong>gwelen frynkek<\/strong> = baguette<br \/>\n<strong>gwelen hus<\/strong> = magic wand<br \/>\n<strong>gwelennik<\/strong> = chopstick<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guiall, guial, guyal<\/strong> = rods<br \/>\n<strong>guialen<\/strong> = rod, wand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwial<\/strong> = rods, flexible wood<br \/>\n<strong>gwalenn<\/strong> = pole, rod, yardstick<br \/>\n<strong>gwalennaj, gwalenner<\/strong> = yardstick<br \/>\n<strong>gwalennata<\/strong> = to pole, reprimand<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: related to Latin <em>vieo<\/em> (to bend, twist, plait, weave), from Proto-Italic <em>*wijej\u014d<\/em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*wh\u2081i\u00e9ye-<\/em>, from <em>*weh\u2081y-<\/em> (to twist, to twine). Words from the same roots include <strong>wire<\/strong> and <strong>garland<\/strong> in English [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/vieo\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we\u2019re looking at words for sticks, rods and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *slatt\u0101 = staff, stalk Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) slat = rod, lath, twig; ceremonial rod, staff; branch of a tree; scion, youth, stripling; yard (measure of length) Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) slat = rod, lath, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,81,19,20,61,21,83,3,22,5,7,27,8,10,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6994","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6994","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6994"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6994\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8273,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6994\/revisions\/8273"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6994"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6994"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6994"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}