{"id":6826,"date":"2022-09-11T12:44:37","date_gmt":"2022-09-11T11:44:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6826"},"modified":"2024-09-14T17:52:05","modified_gmt":"2024-09-14T16:52:05","slug":"surfaces","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/09\/11\/surfaces\/","title":{"rendered":"Surfaces"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>surface<\/strong>, <strong>skin<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages:<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/conall\/42429053990\/in\/photolist-fQ82bV-eC3wSG-eBZmXV-2hLD3dz-27DiZxC-fQpzUQ-fQ82e2-DLwRC7-2hczLX3-oHCaC3-2kQkVHF-2nZTjYX-265bfRW-qnHa37-VWme6K-SCuGi1-AUh7cY-2cwT13B-2cwT1Ki-2cwT1yr-SCuFQ7-SCuGWf-6PsRuy-G9ALiB-GXWQH4-2YK1hV-23SPogn-27YyzqM-GY33KF-GDVjF9-GXWS6K-GVFrRA-GDR7fL-H56h1k-gmqFwb-69ChBU-kf9NM-GVFBBY-fpSEqC-23SPnYD-H51FLr-2nzUQUq-GDPTDq-H51GRT-G9A9qf-GVFuWd-DxCXGQ-pDUsTc-33KwYY-2YLode\" title=\"Wildflower meadow at Mount Stewart\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/1889\/42429053990_369b435302_z.jpg\" alt=\"Wildflower meadow at Mount Stewart\" width=\"640\" height=\"392\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*tond\u0101<\/strong> = surface, skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*tond\u0101<\/strong> = surface, skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonn, tond<\/strong> = surface, skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonn<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0\u0251un\u032a\u02e0 \/ t\u032a\u02e0u\u02d0n\u032a\u02e0 \/ t\u032a\u02e0\u028cn\u032a\u02e0] = surface, skin<br \/>\n<strong>faoi mo thoinn<\/strong> = under my skin, within me<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonn<\/strong> [t\u0254un\u032a\u02e0] = skin, hide<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonn, ton, ton(n)en<\/strong> = ley, unploughed land<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ton<\/strong> [t\u0254n] = ley, unploughed land, turf, sod, sward, green, lawn, (earth\u2019s) surface\u2019 skin, rind, crust, peel, appearance, look<br \/>\n<strong>tonnen<\/strong> = skin, rind, crust, peel, surface, sod, sward, bog, swamp, quagmire<br \/>\n<strong>tondir<\/strong> = ley, lea-land<br \/>\n<strong>toniaraf, toniaru<\/strong> = to cover with planks, boards, etc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ton<\/strong> = unploughed land, meadow, lay<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonn<\/strong> = grass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonnenn<\/strong> = rind, surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>ton<\/strong> = rind, surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tonn<\/strong> = rind, surface<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*tend-<\/em> (to cut off). Words from the same Gaulish \/ Proto-Celtic roots include <strong>tonne<\/strong> in English and French, <strong>tunna \/ tonna<\/strong> (tun, box) in Latin, and <strong>tona<\/strong> (surface, kin, bark) in Galician [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/tond%C4%81\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*krokkeno-<\/strong> = skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>croiccenn<\/strong> [\u02c8krok\u02b2en\u0348] = skin, hide, bark, husk<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>craiceann<\/strong> [\u02c8k\u027e\u02e0ac\u0259n\u032a\u02e0 \/ \u02c8k\u027e\u02e0\u00e6c\u0259n\u032a\u02e0] = skin, surface<br \/>\n<strong>cruachraicneach<\/strong> = hide-bound<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>craiceann<\/strong> [kr\u025b\u00e7g\u02b2\u0259n\u032a\u02e0] = skin, parchment<br \/>\n<strong>craiceannaiche<\/strong> = skinner<br \/>\n<strong>far-chraiceann<\/strong> = epidermis<br \/>\n<strong>fo-chraiceann<\/strong> = hypodermic<br \/>\n<strong>p\u00e0ipear-craicinn<\/strong> = parchment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>crackan<\/strong> [\u02c8kra\u02d0\u0263\u0259n] = skin, pelt, fur, hide, rind, peel, slough<br \/>\n<strong>crackanagh<\/strong> = (of the) skin, cutaneous<br \/>\n<strong>aachrackan<\/strong> = veneer<br \/>\n<strong>fochrackanagh<\/strong> = hypodermic<br \/>\n<strong>crackan screeuee<\/strong> = parchment<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kr\u0289n<\/strong> = skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>groen<\/strong> = skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>croen, cruyn, croyn, crwyn<\/strong> = skin, hide, pelt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>croen<\/strong> [kro\u02d0\u0268\u032fn \/ kr\u0254i\u032fn] = skin, hide, pelt, peel, rind, surface, crust; film; a crusty or contemptible fellow<br \/>\n<strong>croeni, croenio<\/strong> = to form skin, skin over, heal up<br \/>\n<strong>croendenau<\/strong> = thin-skinned, sensitive, easily hurt, touchy<br \/>\n<strong>croendew<\/strong> = thick-skinned, insensible, insensitive, callous<br \/>\n<strong>croenen<\/strong> = thin skin, cuticle, pellicle, film<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>crochen<\/strong> = skin<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kroghen<\/strong> = hide<br \/>\n<strong>kroghen lagas<\/strong> = eyelid<br \/>\n<strong>kroghendanow<\/strong> = sensitive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>kroc\u2019hen, krec\u2019hen, krec\u2019hin<\/strong> = skin, crust, membrane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kroc\u2019hen<\/strong> [\u02c8k\u0281o\u02d0\u03c7\u025bn] = skin, crust<br \/>\n<strong>kroc\u2019henenn<\/strong> = membrane<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>:  probably loaned from a non-Indo-European substrate language [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/croiccenn#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pell<\/strong> = animal skin, rug<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pell, peall<\/strong> = (animal) skin, fur, rug, blanket<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>peall<\/strong> [p\u02b2aul\u032a\u02e0\/p\u02b2al\u032a\u02e0] = pelt, skin, hide, rug, blanket, piece of coarse cloth<br \/>\n<strong>peallach<\/strong> = hairy, matted, coarse-spun<br \/>\n<strong>peall\u00f3g<\/strong> = (piece of) coarse cloth, woman dressing rough clothing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>peall<\/strong> [pjaul\u032a\u02e0] = shaggy hide\/skin, mat, rough cloth\/sheet, bunch of matter hair<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*pall<\/strong> = (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pall<\/strong> = cloak, curtain, covering, pall, tent, tabernacle, throne, bed of state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pall<\/strong> [pa\u026c] = cloak, curtain, covering, pall, tent, tabernacle, throne, bed of state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pall<\/strong> = mantle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Latin <em>palla<\/em> (cloak, mantle), from <em>pellis<\/em> (skin), possibly from Proto-Indo-European <em>*pel-<\/em> (to cover, to wrap, skin, hide, cloth), or possibly a substrate loan. Words from the same roots include <strong>camouflage<\/strong>, <strong>film<\/strong>, <strong>muffle<\/strong>, <strong>pall<\/strong> and <strong>pelt<\/strong> in English, <strong>piel<\/strong> (skin, fur) in Spanish, and <strong>peau<\/strong> (skin, hide, fur) in French [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/palla#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for surface, skin and related things in Celtic languages: Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *tond\u0101 = surface, skin Gaulish *tond\u0101 = surface, skin Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) tonn, tond = surface, skin Irish (Gaeilge) tonn [t\u032a\u02e0\u0251un\u032a\u02e0 \/ t\u032a\u02e0u\u02d0n\u032a\u02e0 \/ t\u032a\u02e0\u028cn\u032a\u02e0] = surface, skin faoi mo thoinn = under my skin, within me [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,44,24,25,21,3,36,22,5,6,7,27,8,10,40,41,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6826","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-galician","category-gaulish","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-parts-of-the-body","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6826","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6826"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6826\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8434,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6826\/revisions\/8434"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6826"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6826"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6826"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}