{"id":6771,"date":"2022-08-26T16:59:51","date_gmt":"2022-08-26T15:59:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6771"},"modified":"2022-08-26T16:59:53","modified_gmt":"2022-08-26T15:59:53","slug":"servants","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/08\/26\/servants\/","title":{"rendered":"Servants"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>servants<\/strong>, <strong>ploughmen<\/strong> and related people in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/tourscotland\/5014775375\/in\/photolist-8D931p-5osd8M-di7ma9-MABmvM-c6QgN9-AERJqT-3EqQji-8Bv7z4-493ov3-ayewLg-5xntNF-RyXtmf-Y8AFEM-6bcYak-df655E-pNHS5-p9Z5Dn-8Bvbfz-pNKiE-8Byhbs-pNHEA-pNHVg-pNHBn-df4EfR-pNJRY-pNJDB-pNJuV-pNK5d-df6h6M-pNHNg-aBytk9-df63yy-pNJPr-df6jEA-pNK39-Y4XVZ1-aBuD7P-ACxhXp-AMetgW-bpoFaC-8BygCJ-R1ZRSA-arJwCX-rJ2ZfX-wP1Dbm-pb23NB-fv61VH-AERhuK-BhxMdD-pRQCRk\" title=\"Tour Scotland March Horse Ploughing\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/4153\/5014775375_2c32e1ecc3_z.jpg\" alt=\"Tour Scotland March Horse Ploughing\" width=\"640\" height=\"301\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ambaxtos<\/strong> = servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ambaxtos<\/strong> = vassal, high-ranking servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>amus<\/strong> = servant<br \/>\n<strong>amsach<\/strong> = mercenary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>amhas<\/strong> = hireling, servant, mercenary, hooligan<br \/>\n<strong>amhsach<\/strong> = wild, unruly<br \/>\n<strong>amhas\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = hooliganism<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>amhas<\/strong> [au.\u0259s] = savage, wild person, madman<br \/>\n<strong>amhsach<\/strong> = wild, uncontrollable, stupid, dull<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*amma\u0268\u03b8<\/strong> [am\u02c8ma\u0268\u032f\u03b8] = servant, worker, labourer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>amaeth<\/strong> = ploughman, husbandman, farmer, agriculture<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>amaeth<\/strong> [\u02c8ame\u0268\u032f\u03b8 \/ \u02c8amei\u032f\u03b8] = ploughman, husbandman, farmer, agriculture, ploughmanship, tillage<br \/>\n<strong>amaethadwy<\/strong> = farmable, cultivable<br \/>\n<strong>amaetha(f), amaethu<\/strong> = to farm, husband, plough, cultivate<br \/>\n<strong>amaethdir<\/strong> = arable land, land suitable for cultivation, farm land<br \/>\n<strong>amaethdy<\/strong> = farmhouse<br \/>\n<strong>amaethddyn<\/strong> = agriculturalist, farmer<br \/>\n<strong>amaethedig<\/strong> = farmed, cultivated, cultured<br \/>\n<strong>amaethyddiaeth<\/strong> = agriculture, farming<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ammeth<\/strong> = agriculture, farming<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>ambaith<\/strong> = agriculture, farming<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Celtic <em>*ambi-<\/em> (around),\u200e <em>*ageti<\/em> (to drive) and\u200e <em>*-os<\/em>, from the Proto-Indo-European word <em>*h\u2082m\u0325b\u02b0i-h\u2082e\u01f5-<\/em> (drive around) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/ambaxtos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The English word <strong>amassador<\/strong> comes from the same root, via the Middle English <em>ambassadore<\/em> from the Anglo-Norman <em>ambassadeur<\/em> (ambassador), from the Old Italian <em>ambassadore<\/em>, from the Old Occitan <em>ambaisador<\/em> (ambassador), from <em>ambaissa<\/em> (service, mission, errand), from the Medieval Latin <em>ambasiator<\/em> (ambassador), from the Gothic <em>\ud800\udf30\ud800\udf3d\ud800\udf33\ud800\udf31\ud800\udf30\ud800\udf37\ud800\udf44\ud800\udf39<\/em> (andbahti &#8211; service, function), from the Proto-Germanic <em>*ambahtaz<\/em> (servant), from the Gaulish <em>*ambaxtos<\/em> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/ambassador\">source<\/a>]. The word <strong>embassy<\/strong> comes from the same Gaulish word [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/embassy#English\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*wastos<\/strong> = servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*wassos<\/strong> = young man, squire<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>foss<\/strong> = attendant, man-servant, servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*gwass<\/strong> = boy, servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guas, gwas<\/strong> = boy, lad, servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwas<\/strong> [\u0261wa\u02d0s] = boy, lad, stripling, youngster, young man; servant, attendant, employee, officer, vassal, slave<br \/>\n<strong>gwasanaeth<\/strong> = service, attendance, a ministering, office, duty, employment<br \/>\n<strong>gwasanaethu<\/strong> = to serve, be a servant, attend, wait upon, minister<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>guas<\/strong> = servant<br \/>\n<strong>gwas<\/strong> = a youth, servant, one of the common people, a mean person, a fellow, rogue, rascal<br \/>\n<strong>gwasanaeth<\/strong> = attendance, service, bondage, slavery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwas<\/strong> = chap, fellow, guy, servant<br \/>\n<strong>gwas hwel<\/strong> = workman<br \/>\n<strong>gwas ti<\/strong> = housemaker<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>guos<\/strong> = vassal, man, husband, farmer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>goas<\/strong> = vassal, man, husband, farmer (who rents a farm)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwaz<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261wa\u02d0s] = (young) man, vassal, valet, servant, husband, mermaid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly comes from the Proto-Indo-European word <em>*upo-sth\u2082-o-s<\/em> (standing beneath) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/wastos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The English word <strong>vassal<\/strong> comes from the same Celtic roots, via the Old French <em>vassal<\/em>, the Medieval Latin <em>vassallus<\/em> (manservant, domestic, retainer), from the Latin <em>vassus<\/em> (servant) from the Gaulish <em>*wassos<\/em> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/vassal#English\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>seirb\u00edsech<\/strong> = auxiliary, ancillary, servant, agent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>seirbh\u00edseach<\/strong> = servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>seirbheiseach<\/strong> [\u0283er\u02b2ev\u026a\u0283\u0259x] = servant, servitor<br \/>\n<strong>seirbheisiche<\/strong> = servant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>shirveishagh<\/strong> = attendant, clergyman, minister, servant, server, vassal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Old French <em>servise<\/em> (service, servitude, vasselage), from the Latin <em>servitium<\/em> (slavery, servitude, service), from <em>servus<\/em> (servant, serf, slave) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/seirbh%C3%ADs#Irish\">source<\/a>]<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for servants, ploughmen and related people in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *ambaxtos = servant Gaulish *ambaxtos = vassal, high-ranking servant Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) amus = servant amsach = mercenary Irish (Gaeilge) amhas = hireling, servant, mercenary, hooligan amhsach = wild, unruly amhas\u00f3ireacht = hooliganism Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) amhas [au.\u0259s] = savage, wild person, madman amhsach [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,19,20,25,65,21,3,36,22,5,6,77,7,27,8,78,10,11,12,67,13,23,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6771","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-breton","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-icelandic-islenska","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-english-englisch","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-french-franceis","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6771","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6771"}],"version-history":[{"count":27,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6771\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6798,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6771\/revisions\/6798"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6771"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6771"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6771"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}