{"id":6654,"date":"2022-06-07T16:11:29","date_gmt":"2022-06-07T15:11:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6654"},"modified":"2022-06-07T16:11:31","modified_gmt":"2022-06-07T15:11:31","slug":"copper","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/06\/07\/copper\/","title":{"rendered":"Copper"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for <strong>copper<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/151937434@N07\/50376382921\/in\/photolist-2jKA8ye-SbrWaF-2eHxdAj-22UZ8RD-47bTZA-CYhgVo-23ctXns-2m3kZvT-24hjgc4-23ctYus-KkpByv-24eqxG5-24hjfrX-9AWkNF-2fT2gqs-2eyKD5v-4JQua4-TNRSs9-B7pgi-2hg1kGk-2fSWzjo-9FEhaj-2UshTX-cFJgXf-2nPNwv-25mvnhZ-eDLide-h3pK-mYzNk-2kSM8Gi-2kSRbmY-2jjZgwT-2wg1Ao-HS5Wva-GQtYQd-2eyEThP-S8VE82-dxBek3-B8JhX-25mehNa-6JBGCb-dFr3EE-5y7LPP-B7pgp-e1T6F-2na4D7A-jYrW6-2k9FnXZ-PJ6xh8-7HfkYv\" title=\"copper pots\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/50376382921_753653ffce_z.jpg\" alt=\"copper pots\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*omiyom<\/strong> = copper, bronze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>umae, humae<\/strong> [\u02c8u.\u1e7de] = copper, bronze, brass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uma<\/strong> = copper, bronze, brass<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>umha<\/strong> = copper, copper alloy, bronze<br \/>\n<strong>umhadhaite<\/strong> = bronze-coloured, bronzed<br \/>\n<strong>umha\u00ed<\/strong> = worker in copper or bronze<br \/>\n<strong>cr\u00e9-umha<\/strong> = bronze<br \/>\n<strong>cr\u00e9-umhaigh<\/strong> = to bronze<br \/>\n<strong>salachar-umha<\/strong> = verdigris<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>umha<\/strong> [\u0169.\u0259] = bronze, copper, brass<br \/>\n<strong>umhach<\/strong> = coppery, brassy<br \/>\n<strong>umha-dhathte<\/strong> = copper-coloured, bronze-coloured<br \/>\n<strong>ce\u00e0rd-umha<\/strong> = coppersmith<br \/>\n<strong>Linn an Umha<\/strong> = the Bronze Age<br \/>\n<strong>meirg-umha<\/strong> = verdigris<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ooha<\/strong> = bronze<br \/>\n<strong>cur ooha er<\/strong> = to bronze, bronzing<br \/>\n<strong>Yn Eash Ooha<\/strong> = the Bronze Age<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*\u00f6\u03b2\u0303\u0268\u00f0<\/strong> = bronze, copper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>emid, emed<\/strong> = bronze, copper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>euy\u00f0, euyd<\/strong> = bronze, copper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>efydd<\/strong> [\u02c8\u025bv\u0268\u031e\u00f0 \/ \u02c8e\u02d0v\u026a\u00f0] = bronze, brass, copper; made of bronze brass or copper; brazen; bronze colour, coppery<br \/>\n<strong>efyddaf, efyddu<\/strong> = to cover or adorn with brass or copper, to braze<br \/>\n<strong>efyddaid<\/strong> = made of bronze or brass; brazen, brazed<br \/>\n<strong>efyddog<\/strong> = brassy, coppery<br \/>\n<strong>efyddwr<\/strong> = brass-smith, copper-smith<br \/>\n<strong>medal efydd<\/strong> = bronze medal<br \/>\n<strong>mwyn efydd<\/strong> = copper ore, copper mine<br \/>\n<strong>Oes yr Efydd<\/strong> =  Bronze Age<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Celtic <em>*omos<\/em> (raw), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2082eh\u2083m\u00f3s<\/em> (raw, uncooked, bitter, sour) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/omiyom\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Some words from the same PIE root, via the Latin <em>am\u0101rus<\/em> (bitter, harsh, sour, dire), include <strong>amaro<\/strong> (bitter) in Italian, <strong>amer<\/strong> (bitter, sour) in French, <strong>amarillo<\/strong> (yellow, golden coloured) in Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/amarus#Latin\">source<\/a>], and <strong>marul\u0103<\/strong> (lettuce) in Romanian [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BD#Ancient_Greek\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>copar<\/strong> [\u02c8kop\u02e0\u0259\u027e\u02e0] = copper<br \/>\n<strong>gabha copair<\/strong> = coppersmith<br \/>\n<strong>copar\u00e1s<\/strong> = copperas, copper sulphate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>copar<\/strong> [k\u0254hb\u0259r] = copper<br \/>\n<strong>coparach<\/strong> = cuperous, like copper, coppery<br \/>\n<strong>copar-dubhaidh<\/strong> = copperas, green vitriol (iron(II) sylphate)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cobbyr, copuir<\/strong> = copper<br \/>\n<strong>cobbyragh<\/strong> = copperish, cupric<br \/>\n<strong>gaaue cobbyr<\/strong> =  coppersmith<br \/>\n<strong>plait cobbyr<\/strong> =  copperplate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>copyr, copr, kopyr<\/strong> = copper<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>copr, copor, coper<\/strong> = copper; something of little value; red hair<br \/>\n<strong>gof copr<\/strong> = copper-smith<br \/>\n<strong>gwaith copr<\/strong> = copper-works, vessels made of copper<br \/>\n<strong>mwyn copr<\/strong> = copper ore, copper mine<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kober<\/strong> [st\u025b\u02d0n \/ ste\u02d0n] = copper<br \/>\n<strong>kobrek<\/strong> = copper (colour)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kouevr<\/strong> = copper<br \/>\n<strong>kouevrek<\/strong> = cupric (relating to or containing copper)<br \/>\n<strong>kouevrus<\/strong> = cuprous (relating to or containing copper)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Middle English <em>coper<\/em> (copper, bronze), from the Old English <em>copor<\/em> (copper), from the Proto-Germanic <em>*kupr\u0105<\/em> (copper), from the Latin Latin <em>cuprum<\/em> (copper) from the Ancient Greek <em>\u039a\u03cd\u03c0\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/em> (Cyprus &#8211; where large reserves of copper can be found). The Breton word <strong>kouevr<\/strong> was borrowed from the French <em>cuivre<\/em> (copper, brass), from the same Latin root [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/copor#Old_English\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/books\/reader?id=CwUGAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for copper and related things in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *omiyom = copper, bronze Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) umae, humae [\u02c8u.\u1e7de] = copper, bronze, brass Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) uma = copper, bronze, brass Irish (Gaeilge) umha = copper, copper alloy, bronze umhadhaite = bronze-coloured, bronzed umha\u00ed = worker in copper or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,39,16,26,19,20,44,21,83,3,36,22,112,37,7,27,71,10,40,11,12,13,23,82,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6654","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-ancient-greek","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-metals","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-english-aenglisc","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6654","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6654"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6654\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6656,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6654\/revisions\/6656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6654"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6654"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6654"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}