{"id":6623,"date":"2022-05-26T13:32:41","date_gmt":"2022-05-26T12:32:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6623"},"modified":"2022-05-27T21:24:35","modified_gmt":"2022-05-27T20:24:35","slug":"hard-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/05\/26\/hard-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"Hard Steel"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for <strong>steel<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/jonathan_moreau\/1387112273\/in\/photolist-37zj9R-Gd9GyD-4pu7WL-ootHoD-ouQxwF-5azZVt-8Fow44-2hBJKov-CZiM-83HUex-8gWLkK-ukk534-a7GfTf-zHrqjF-2iLKPx1-4oBpzz-p2JgHx-okExqg-8RpQES-NqsGW-AsFFNN-dAbCBN-5xtUuL-6ARfFV-8GHhxV-4H4WYk-6A3EWj-RgRTGF-4AFErB-21Fpiat-7R67Ta-7R9oMY-7Tc77-yURYJJ-4ap6uJ-5XKTSn-ak115-5XKTca-8AWCyu-7RdKY5-edfwJE-dpMq1R-JjDqC-6c8jhc-5tcwT-5XKNxv-9r4BM8-YhyagQ-yzHqj5-9r7A5q\" title=\"Steel\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/1147\/1387112273_e217f3531b_z.jpg\" alt=\"Steel\" width=\"640\" height=\"428\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00far<\/strong> = hard, hardy, resolute, rigid<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00far<\/strong> = rigid, hard, solid; difficult; hard to bear; strict, austere; hardy, resolute; unfeeling, dour, obdurate<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00far<\/strong> = hard, rigid, solid; dour, grim, obstinate; dense, stupid, blunt, insensitive; sluggish<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00faram\u00e1n<\/strong> = dull-witted, stupid person<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00faram\u00e1nta<\/strong> = dull-witted, stupid<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00faranta<\/strong> = dour, grim, morose, sullen<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00farantacht<\/strong> = dourness, sullenness<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00farap\u00f3g<\/strong> = surly person<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00farchro\u00ed<\/strong> = hard heart, hardness of heart<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00farchro\u00edoch<\/strong> = hard hearted<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00f9r<\/strong> [du\u02d0r] = stubborn, intractable; obstinate, dull, stupid; persevering<br \/>\n<strong>durganta<\/strong> = rigid, stiff, hardened; robust, rigorous; obstinate, dogged; sullen, morose; grim, forbidding<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>douyr<\/strong> = mournful, uncomfortable, unhappy, afflicting<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*d\u0289r<\/strong> = hard, hard metal, steel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dur<\/strong> = steel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dur<\/strong> [d\u0268\u02d0r \/ di\u02d0r] = steel, steel weapon; hard, cruel<br \/>\n<strong>duraidd<\/strong> = steely, hard, faithful, true<br \/>\n<strong>durawdr<\/strong> = steel sword or lance<br \/>\n<strong>dur bwrw<\/strong> = cast steel<br \/>\n<strong>edau ddur<\/strong> = wire<br \/>\n<strong>fel y dur<\/strong> = true as steel, like steel<br \/>\n<strong>llifddur<\/strong> = file, rasp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dur<\/strong> = steel<br \/>\n<strong>dur dinamm<\/strong> = stainless steel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>dir<\/strong> = steel<br \/>\n<strong>dir disvergi<\/strong> = stainless steel<br \/>\n<strong>kazeg-dir<\/strong> = bicycle (\u201csteel mare\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> from the Latin <em>d\u016brus<\/em> (hard, rough, harsh), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*drew-<\/em> (hard, fast), from <em>*d\u00f3ru<\/em> (tree) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/dur#Welsh\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same Latin root include the Scots word <strong>dour<\/strong> (hard, stern, severe, relentless), possibly via Middle Irish, which was also borrowed into English and means stern, harsh or forbidding; the French word <strong>dur<\/strong> (hard, tough, harsh), the Italian word <strong>duro<\/strong> (hard, tough, harsh), and the Spanish word <strong>duro<\/strong> (hard, form, solid) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/durus#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same PIE root include Celtic words for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/08\/21\/oaks\/\">oak (tree)<\/a>, and the English words <strong>true<\/strong>, <strong>trough<\/strong> and <strong>trim<\/strong> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/d%C3%B3ru\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruach<\/strong> [k\u027e\u02e0u\u0259x \/ k\u027e\u02e0\u0254x] = steel<br \/>\n<strong>cruachghreanad\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = steel-engraving<br \/>\n<strong>cruachobair<\/strong> = steelwork<br \/>\n<strong>cruachphl\u00e1ta<\/strong> = steel-plate<br \/>\n<strong>cruachphl\u00e1t\u00e1ilte<\/strong> = steel-plated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruaidh<\/strong> [kru\u0259j] = steel; stone anchor; hard, rocky ground<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>creoighey<\/strong> = steel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> from the Irish <em>crua<\/em> (hard), from the Old Irish <em>cr\u00faaid<\/em> (hard, hardy, harsh, stern, strict), from the Proto-Celtic <em>*kroudis<\/em> (rude), possibly from <em>*kr\u016b-<\/em> (blood), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*krewh\u2082-.<\/em> (blood) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/crua#Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>st\u00e0ilinn<\/strong> [sda\u02d0l\u032a\u02b2\u026an\u032a\u02b2] = steel<br \/>\n<strong>cl\u00f2imh-st\u00e0ilinn<\/strong> = steel wool<br \/>\n<strong>obraiche-st\u00e0ilinn<\/strong> = steelworker<br \/>\n<strong>ionad-st\u00e0ilinn<\/strong> = steelworks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>staillin, steillyn, steillin<\/strong> = steel<br \/>\n<strong>staillinagh<\/strong> = steel-maker, steel<br \/>\n<strong>obbyr staillinagh<\/strong> = steelwork<br \/>\n<strong>ollan staillinagh<\/strong> = steel wool<br \/>\n<strong>snaie staillinagh<\/strong> = steel wire<br \/>\n<strong>towse staillinagh<\/strong> = steelyard<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong> from the Old Norse <em>st\u00e1l<\/em> (steel, sword), from the Proto-Germanic <em>stahl\u0105<\/em> (steel), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*stek-<\/em> (to be firm, stand fast) [<a href=\"http:\/\/www.ceantar.org\/Dicts\/MB2\/mb36.html\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same Proto-Germanic root include <strong>steel<\/strong> in English, <strong>staal<\/strong> (steel) in Dutch, <strong>Stahl<\/strong> (steel) in German, and <strong>st\u00e5l<\/strong> (steel, tool) in Danish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic\/stahl%C4%85\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/books\/reader?id=CwUGAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for steel and related things in Celtic languages. Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) d\u00far = hard, hardy, resolute, rigid Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) d\u00far = rigid, hard, solid; difficult; hard to bear; strict, austere; hardy, resolute; unfeeling, dour, obdurate Irish (Gaeilge) d\u00far = hard, rigid, solid; dour, grim, obstinate; dense, stupid, blunt, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,63,81,19,20,44,21,83,3,36,22,112,37,7,27,10,70,11,12,67,13,97,23,82,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6623","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-danish-dansk","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-metals","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-norse-dnsk-tunga","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-scots","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6623","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6623"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6623\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6627,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6623\/revisions\/6627"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6623"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6623"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6623"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}