{"id":6432,"date":"2022-03-10T18:20:35","date_gmt":"2022-03-10T18:20:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6432"},"modified":"2022-03-28T21:16:40","modified_gmt":"2022-03-28T20:16:40","slug":"roofs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/03\/10\/roofs\/","title":{"rendered":"Roofs"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for <strong>roof<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/3667056063\/in\/photolist-2mJtuba-2mJpmR4-26LQNZG-26teZdv-HVZpve-24QekzE-GAGK8h-VTPjp7-STvTGK-RfyWnt-CFR91q-f97Era-6A3C1x\" title=\"Harry Kelly's cottage, Cregneash, Isle of Man\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/2585\/3667056063_30d7c78b97_z.jpg\" alt=\"Harry Kelly's cottage, Cregneash, Isle of Man\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*togos<\/strong> = roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tuige<\/strong> = thatching, roofing material, straw<br \/>\n<strong>tugae<\/strong> = covering, cover, thatching<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tu\u00ed<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0i\u02d0] = thatch, straw<br \/>\n<strong>tu\u00edod\u00f3ir<\/strong> = thatcher<br \/>\n<strong>tu\u00edod\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = thatching<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tugha<\/strong> [tu.\u0259] = thatch<br \/>\n<strong>tughadair<\/strong> [tu.\u0259d\u026ar\u02b2] = thatcher<br \/>\n<strong>tughadaireachd<\/strong> [tu.\u0259d\u026ar\u02b2\u0259x\u0261] = thatching<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>thoo<\/strong> = thatch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*to\u0263<\/strong> = roof, covering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>to, t\u00f4<\/strong> = roof, ceiling, thatch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>to<\/strong> [to\u02d0] = roof, ceiling, roofing, (straw) thatch, sheaf (of wheat), layer; penthouse; set, row; generation, lineage, order<br \/>\n<strong>toeau<\/strong> = roofscape<br \/>\n<strong>toi<\/strong> = to roof, roofing<br \/>\n<strong>t\u00f6wr<\/strong> = roofer<br \/>\n<strong>to bach<\/strong> = circumflex<br \/>\n<strong>to gwellt<\/strong> = thatched roof, thatch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>to<\/strong> = roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>to<\/strong> = roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>to<\/strong> = roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>toenn<\/strong> = roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>to<\/strong> = roofing, covering<br \/>\n<strong>toenn<\/strong> = roof<br \/>\n<strong>toenno\u00f9<\/strong> = covering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)teg-<\/em> (to cover) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic\/to%C9%A3\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>From the same PIE root we get words for <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/04\/19\/houses-and-dwellings\/\">house<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/04\/21\/families-and-households\/\">household and family<\/a> in Celtic languages, the English words <strong>protect<\/strong>, <strong>stegosaurus<\/strong>, <strong>thatch<\/strong>, <strong>tile<\/strong> and <strong>toga<\/strong> in English,  [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/(s)teg-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mullach<\/strong> [\u02c8mul\u0348\u0259x] = top<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mullach<\/strong> [m\u02e0\u0259\u02c8l\u032a\u02e0\u0251x \/ \u02c8m\u02e0\u028al\u032a\u02e0\u0259x] = top, highest point, summit, crown, height, eminence, capital, round top, heaped load<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mullach<\/strong> [mul\u032a\u02e0\u0259x] = roof, peak, summit, top, lid, crest, crown, height,upland<br \/>\n<strong>mullach-taighe<\/strong> = house roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mullagh<\/strong> = top, ridge, apex, peak, crest, pinnacle, summit, eminence, roofing, crest, crisis, ceiling, capital<br \/>\n<strong>mullagh-thie<\/strong> = roof<br \/>\n<strong>mullagh-thooee<\/strong> = straw\/thatched roof<br \/>\n<strong>mullagh sclate<\/strong> = slated roof<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Old Irish <em>mul<\/em> (lump, heap) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/mullach#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*d\u00eanu<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00edn<\/strong> = protection, defence, shelter, covering, thatch, roofing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00edon<\/strong> [d\u02b2i\u02d0n\u02e0] = protection, shelter, covering, roof; to protect, shelter, make watertight, roof, thatch, immunize<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00edonach<\/strong> = protective, impermeable, proof<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00edonacht<\/strong> = protectiveness, impermeability, staunchness<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00edonad\u00f3ir<\/strong> = protector, roofer, thatcher<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00edonad\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = roofing, thatching<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00econ<\/strong> [d\u02b2i\u0259n] = protecting, safeguarding, protection, safeguard, sheltering, shelter, defening, defence. guard<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00econach<\/strong> = airtight, waterproof, watertight, secure, firm<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00econachd<\/strong> = security, shelter, watertightness, immunity<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00econadach<\/strong> = defensive, preventive<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00econadair<\/strong> = defender, defendant, safeguarder, fender<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>jeen<\/strong> = dry, impermeable, proof, staunch, waterproof, watertight, weatherproof<br \/>\n<strong>jeenagh<\/strong> = impermeable, resistant, rinsing, staunch, waterproof<br \/>\n<strong>felt jeen<\/strong> = roofing felt<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*d\u02b0eh\u2081-<\/em> (to do, put, place) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/mullach#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/books\/reader?id=CwUGAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/shareasale.com\/r.cfm?b=1775355&amp;u=184793&amp;m=70611&amp;urllink=&amp;afftrack=\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/static.shareasale.com\/image\/70611\/728x90_00.jpg\" alt=\"italki - Win cash rewards for learning any language\" width=\"630\" height=\"78\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for roof and related things in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *togos = roof Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) tuige = thatching, roofing material, straw tugae = covering, cover, thatching Irish (Gaeilge) tu\u00ed [t\u032a\u02e0i\u02d0] = thatch, straw tu\u00edod\u00f3ir = thatcher tu\u00edod\u00f3ireacht = thatching Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) tugha [tu.\u0259] = thatch tughadair [tu.\u0259d\u026ar\u02b2] = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,26,19,20,21,3,22],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6432","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6432"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6432\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6474,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6432\/revisions\/6474"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6432"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6432"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}