{"id":6399,"date":"2022-02-15T15:28:27","date_gmt":"2022-02-15T15:28:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6399"},"modified":"2023-05-11T16:35:03","modified_gmt":"2023-05-11T15:35:03","slug":"walls","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2022\/02\/15\/walls\/","title":{"rendered":"Walls"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for <strong>walls<\/strong>, <strong>weirs<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/octobergirl\/26374311239\/in\/photolist-GbBeS8-6DA3vK-dMSmav-acRPw5-wCRJZ4-mJan5u-wkLeMC-SYbjKV-UQ4Mey-TCqAiQ-Gdg3JC-bcMJZB-vFv7JF-W8P4uk-UpWiJt-UGSeex-28cbxT7-6hFCGs-T3SpS9-82h99P-5dG5LZ-TifUkq-5Lfkaj-XzFxQZ-pj52Yw-9ohuqF-K2mbR3-H7uRLB-uG14K4-dbTokW-6KymUt-XKDksY-6wd9uJ-NWXUCv-RrPjUD-26bKaGW-Ppsq1T-bsQosb-4MQe96-6HKnGw-ctqo93-eMHG1F-VqjEjY-beV5tT-N4HtSn-aqEk2f-D4HUEz-aEEu7u-ScLVL1-MFcWG1\" title=\"wall\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/4501\/26374311239_b67a0b3b8e_z.jpg\" alt=\"wall\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>balla<\/strong> [\u02c8b\u02e0al\u032a\u02e0\u0259] = wall<br \/>\n<strong>c\u00falbhalla<\/strong> = back wall<br \/>\n<strong>idirbhalla<\/strong> = party wall<br \/>\n<strong>uchtbhalla<\/strong> = parapet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>balla<\/strong> [bal\u032a\u02e0\u0259] = wall<br \/>\n<strong>balla-t\u00f2in<\/strong> = back wall<br \/>\n<strong>balla-tarsainn<\/strong> = partition (wall)<br \/>\n<strong>balla-d\u00econ<\/strong> = protective wall, safety barrier<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>boalley<\/strong> = bulwark, dyke, wall<br \/>\n<strong>boallee<\/strong> = to wall, enclose, impale<br \/>\n<strong>boallit<\/strong> = walled, dyked, enclosed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>wal\/gwal<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>(g)wal<\/strong> [(\u0261)wal] = wall<br \/>\n<strong>walio<\/strong> = to wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwal<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Old English <em>weall<\/em> (wall, dike), from the Proto-Germanic <em>*wallaz \/  *wall\u0105<\/em> (wall, rampart, entrenchment), from the Latin <em>vallum<\/em> (rampart, military wall), from <em>vallus<\/em> (stake, pallisade, point), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*welH-\/*wel-<\/em> (to turn, wind, roll) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-West_Germanic\/wall\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same roots include <strong>wall<\/strong>, <strong>wallow<\/strong>, <strong>well<\/strong> and <strong>valve<\/strong> in English, <strong>wal<\/strong> (coast, shore, earthen levee) in Dutch, <strong>Wall<\/strong> (rampart, parapet, earthwork, levee, embankment) in German, <strong>valla<\/strong> (fence, barricade, obstacle) in Spanish, and <strong>vall<\/strong> (moat) in Catalan [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/welH-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>m\u00far<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>m\u00far<\/strong> [m\u02e0u\u02d0\u027e\u02e0] = wall, rampart, pile, building, dwelling, bank, mound, heap, mass, shower, profussion, abundance<br \/>\n<strong>m\u00farach<\/strong> = having walls, walled, mural<br \/>\n<strong>m\u00fardhathad\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = wall-painting<br \/>\n<strong>m\u00far b\u00e1ist\u00ed<\/strong> = rain-cloud, heavy fall of rain<br \/>\n<strong>m\u00far cathrach<\/strong> = city wall<br \/>\n<strong>m\u00far ceo<\/strong> = bank of fog<br \/>\n<strong>m\u00far tine<\/strong> = wall of flame, conflagration<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>m\u00f9r<\/strong> [mu\u02d0r] = (defensive) wall, rampart, fortification<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*m\u0289r<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>mur<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mur<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mur<\/strong> [m\u0268\u02d0r\/mi\u02d0r] = wall, rampart, fortification, defender<br \/>\n<strong>murio<\/strong> = to build (a wall) to wall, fortify, lay bricks or stones<br \/>\n<strong>muriog<\/strong> = walled, fortified, wall-like, defensive<br \/>\n<strong>murlen<\/strong> = poster, placard<br \/>\n<strong>murlun<\/strong> = mural, frieze<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>mur<\/strong> = (exterior) wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Latin <em>m\u016brus<\/em> (wall), from the Proto-Italic <em>*moiros<\/em>, from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*mey-<\/em> (to fix, to build fortifications or fences) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/murus#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same roots include <strong>mere<\/strong> (boundry, limit) in English, <strong>mur<\/strong> (wall) in French, <strong>muro<\/strong> (wall) in Italian, and <strong>muur<\/strong> (wall, barrier) in Dutch [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/mey-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*wraga<\/strong> = ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*br\u0101ca<\/strong> = ?<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fraig<\/strong> = wall (interior)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fraigh<\/strong> = (interior of) wall, rafters, roof<br \/>\n<strong>fraighfhliulch<\/strong> = damp-walled, damp from contact with a wet wall (of clothes)<br \/>\n<strong>fraighleach<\/strong> = roofing, rafters<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fraigh<\/strong> [fr\u0264j] = partition, partitioning wall, border, edge, fringe, shelf<br \/>\n<strong>fraighnidh<\/strong> [fr\u0264in\u032a\u02b2\u026a] = water oozing through a wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: unknown<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>paret, parwyt<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pared<\/strong> = wall, surface of a wall, dividing-wall, partition<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>poruit<\/strong> = wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Latin <em>pari\u0113s<\/em> (the wall of a house or room). Words from the same roots include <strong>parete<\/strong> (wall, side, surface) in Italian, <strong>pared<\/strong> (wall) in Spanish, and <strong>paroi<\/strong> (inner wall, inside surface, side) in French [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/paries#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*koret<\/strong> = palisade, wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cora<\/strong> = weir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cora<\/strong> = stone fence, weir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cora<\/strong> [\u02c8k\u0254\u027e\u02e0\u0259] = weir, rocky crossing-place in river, rocky ridge extending into sea or lake<br \/>\n<strong>cora \u00e9isc<\/strong> = fish weir<br \/>\n<strong>cloch chora<\/strong> = stepping-stone<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>caradh<\/strong> [kar\u0259\u0263], <strong>cairidh<\/strong> [kar\u02b2\u026a] = weir, mound (in a body of water)<br \/>\n<strong>cairidh-iasgaich<\/strong> = fishing weir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kored, cored, coret<\/strong> = weir, dam, fishgarth<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cored<\/strong> = weir, dam<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>kored \/ gored<\/strong> = fish weir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kored<\/strong> = fish weir<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: uncertain &#8211; possibly related to the German word <strong>H\u00fcrde<\/strong> (hurdle) and\/or the Old English word <em>*hyrd<\/em> (framework, door), which is the root of the English word <strong>hurdle<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The usual word for wall in Cornish is <strong>fos<\/strong>, which is cognate with words for ditch in other Celtic languages. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2021\/11\/03\/ditches-and-trenches\/\">Ditches and Trenches<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Another word for wall in Breton is <strong>moger<\/strong>. See <a href=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/07\/31\/fields-meadows-and-pastures\/\">Fields, Meadows and Pastures<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=CwUGAAAAQAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/create.blubrry.com\/resources\/podcast-media-hosting\/?code=omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_blubrry.png\" alt=\"Blubrry podcast hosting\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the words for walls, weirs and related things in Celtic languages. Irish (Gaeilge) balla [\u02c8b\u02e0al\u032a\u02e0\u0259] = wall c\u00falbhalla = back wall idirbhalla = party wall uchtbhalla = parapet Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) balla [bal\u032a\u02e0\u0259] = wall balla-t\u00f2in = back wall balla-tarsainn = partition (wall) balla-d\u00econ = protective wall, safety barrier Manx (Gaelg) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,101,26,81,19,20,44,25,61,21,83,3,36,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,10,40,11,12,13,23,82,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-catalan-catala","category-kernewek-cornish","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaulish","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6399"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6399\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7281,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6399\/revisions\/7281"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}