{"id":6263,"date":"2021-11-09T13:19:54","date_gmt":"2021-11-09T13:19:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6263"},"modified":"2024-09-13T18:26:33","modified_gmt":"2024-09-13T17:26:33","slug":"calling-words-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2021\/11\/09\/calling-words-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Calling Words"},"content":{"rendered":"

Words for word<\/strong>, call<\/strong>, cry<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n

\"words
\nWord cloud created with WordItOut<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*g\u0101ri<\/strong> = shout, call
\n*garyeti<\/strong> = to cry, shout
\n*gar(r)man-<\/strong> = cry, shout
\n*garyo-<\/strong> = word, command
\n*garyos<\/strong> = call, cry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Gaulish<\/th>\n*Garomaros \/ Garo-marus<\/strong> = personal name<\/em>
\nadgarion<\/strong> = accuser (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\ngairm<\/strong> = call, name, summons
\ngairid<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261ar\u02b2i\u00f0\u02b2] = to call, cry out, summon
\nadgair<\/strong> [a\u00f0\u02c8\u0261ar\u02b2] = to summon
\ncongair<\/strong> [kon\u02c8\u0261ar\u02b2] = to call, summon; invite
\ndogair<\/strong> = to call<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\ngairm<\/strong> = call, name, summons, cry, name, title, calling, employment, profession
\ngairid<\/strong> = to call<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\ng\u00e1ir<\/strong> [\u0261\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u02b2\/\u0261\u00e6\u02d0\u027e\u02b2] = cry, shout; report, fame, notoriety; to cry shout; laugh
\ng\u00e1ire<\/strong> = to laugh
\ng\u00e1ieach<\/strong> = laughing, smiling
\ng\u00e1ieachtach<\/strong> = noisy, vociferous; laughing, merry
\ngairm<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261a\u027e\u02b2\u0259m\u02b2\/\u02c8\u0261\u026a\u027e\u02b2\u0259m\u02b2] = call, calling, acclaim
\n(an tuiseal) gairmeach<\/strong> = vocative (case)
\ngairm\u00ed<\/strong> = professional
\ngairmi\u00fail<\/strong> = vocational, professional
\nslua gairm<\/strong> = slogan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\ngoir<\/strong> [g\u0264r\u02b2] = to call, cry, hoot, crow
\ng\u00e0ir<\/strong> [ga\u02d0r\u02b2] = to laugh, cry shout; outcry, shout, clamour
\ng\u00e0ir nan tonn<\/strong> = the roar of the waves
\ngairm<\/strong> [\u0261\u0264r\u02b2\u0264m] = calling, crying, call, cry, announcing, declaring, convenning, call of the cockerel
\ngairmeachadh<\/strong> = (act of) calling
\ngairm-choileach<\/strong> = cock-crow
\ngairm-chatha, gairm-chogaidh<\/strong> = war-cry
\nsluagh-gairm<\/strong> = slogan
\ntuiseal gairmeach<\/strong> = vocative case<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\ngerr<\/strong> = crow, shout
\ngerr chah<\/strong> = war cry
\ngerrym<\/strong> = crowing, outcry, shouting, whoop, whooping, (cock) crow), avocation, mission, profession, vocation
\ngerrymagh<\/strong> = vocative
\ngerrymoil<\/strong> = professional, vocational
\ngerrym caggee<\/strong> = battle cry, call up, war cry
\ngerrym chellee<\/strong> = cock crow
\nsleih gerrym<\/strong> = slogan<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*g\u0117r<\/strong> [\u0261e\u031d\u02d0r] = word, speech<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\ngeir<\/strong> = word
\ngaur, gawr<\/strong> = shout, cry
\ngarddu<\/strong> = groan
\ngarym, garm<\/strong> = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
\ngarymleis, garamleis<\/strong> = scream, clamour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ngair<\/strong> [\u0261ai\u032fr] = word, speech, phrase, greeting, salutation, short exhortation, saying, proverb; verb; line of poetry, verse; report, rumour, information, letter, reputation, fame, praise
\ngeiriad<\/strong> = wording, phraseology, phrase
\ngeiriadaf, geiriadu<\/strong> = to word, phrase, express
\ngeiriadur<\/strong> = dictionary
\ngeiriaduraf, geiriaduro, geiriadura<\/strong> = to compile a dictionary
\ngeiriaduriaeth, geiriaduraeth<\/strong> = lexicography; vocabulary; grammar
\ngeiriadurwr<\/strong> = lexicographer, dictionary-maker
\ngeiriog<\/strong> = wordy, verbose
\ngarm<\/strong> = shout, cry, outcry, clamour
\ngarmlais<\/strong> = scream, clamour<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\ngarm<\/strong> = a cry, shout, outcry
\ngarme<\/strong> = to shout, raise a shout, cry aloud, cry out<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\nger<\/strong> [\u0261\u025b\u02d0r\/\u0261e\u02d0r] = word, saying, report
\ngerdhal<\/strong> = dyslexic
\ngerdhalni<\/strong> = dyslexia
\ngerlyver<\/strong> = dictionary
\ngarm<\/strong> = to shout, whoop, yell
\ngarm argemynna<\/strong> = (advertising) slogan
\ngarm vresel<\/strong> = battle cry
\ngarm wormola<\/strong> = ovation
\ngarma<\/strong> = to cry out, whoop, yell
\ngarma yn lowen<\/strong> = to cheer<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Breton<\/th>\ngerent<\/strong> = word. say<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton<\/th>\nguer<\/strong> = word
\ngarm<\/strong> = loud crying, yelping of a fox, war cry, cry
\ngarmadeg, garmadenn<\/strong> = clamour
\ngarmer<\/strong> = to cry, crying, brawler
\ngarmi\u00f1<\/strong> = to cry, bellow, yelp<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\nger<\/strong> [\u0261e\u02d0r] = word
\ngeriadur<\/strong> = dictionary
\ngarm<\/strong> = cry, clamour, weeping<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European *\u01f5eh\u2082r-<\/em> (to shout, call) [source<\/a>]. The English words garrulous<\/strong> (excessively talkative), care<\/strong> and charm<\/strong> (sound of many voices (esp. of birds or children), a flock or group (esp. of finches)) come from the same PIE root [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*woxtlom<\/strong> = dispute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\nfocul<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0278okul] = word<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nfocal, foc(c)ull, focla, facul<\/strong> = word, vocable, phrase, estimate, award, judgement, promise<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\nfocal<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02e0\u025ek\u0259l\u032a\u02e0\/\u02c8f\u02e0\u0254k\u0259l\u02e0] = word, phrase, remark, observation, saying, intelligence, message, promise, assurance
\nfocalhbh\u00e1<\/strong> = ellipsis …
\nfoclach<\/strong> = wordy, verbose
\nfoclachas<\/strong> = wordiness, verbiage
\nfocleola\u00ed<\/strong> = philologist
\nfocleola\u00edoch<\/strong> = philological
\nfocleola\u00edocht<\/strong> = philology
\nfocl\u00f3ir<\/strong> = dictionary, lexicon, vocabulary
\nfocl\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = lexicography
\nfocl\u00f3ireola\u00edocht\/strong> = lexicology
\nfocl\u00f3ir\u00ed<\/strong> = lexicographer
\nfocl\u00f3ir\u00edn<\/strong> = word-list, vocabulary<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\nfacal<\/strong> [faxg\u0259l\u032a] = word, comment, remark
\nfacal air an fhacal<\/strong> = word for word, literally, verbatim
\nfacal-faire<\/strong> = password
\nfacal-fhreumhail<\/strong> = etymology
\nfacal-m\u00f9irne<\/strong> = an endearment
\nfacal-toisich<\/strong> = introduction, preamble<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\nfockle<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u0254\u02d0\u0261\u0259l] = word, charm, vocable
\nfocklagh<\/strong> = wordy, verbose, voluble, loquacious
\nfocklaghys<\/strong> = wordiness, verbiage
\nfockleyr<\/strong> = dictionary, lexicon, thesaurus
\nfockleyragh<\/strong> = lexicographic
\nfockleyreen<\/strong> = vocabulary, wordbook
\nfockleyreyder<\/strong> = lexicographer
\nfockleyrys<\/strong> = lexicography<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*gwo\u0268\u03b8l<\/strong> = dispute<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\ngwaethyl<\/strong> = debate, dispute, contention, battle
\ngwaethyl uann, gwaethyluann<\/strong> = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
\ngwaethyl gwyr<\/strong> = fighter, warrior<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ngwaethl<\/strong> = debate, dispute, contention, battle
\ngwaethlfan<\/strong> = loud in dispute, strenuous, striving
\ngwaethlwr<\/strong> = fighter, warrior
\ngwaethl<\/strong> = <\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European *w\u00f3k\u02b7tlom<\/em>, from *wek\u02b7-<\/em> (to speak, sound out) [source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE roots include advocate<\/strong>, epic<\/strong>, vocal<\/strong>, voice<\/strong>, vouch<\/strong> and , vowel<\/strong> in English; gewagen<\/strong> (to report, notify) in Dutch; voce<\/strong> (voice, call, word) in Italian; and \u0909\u0915\u094d\u0924\u093f<\/strong> (ukti – saying, expression) in Hindi [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*br\u0113tr\u0101<\/strong> = word, battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\nbr\u00edathar<\/strong> [\u02c8b\u02b2r\u02b2i\u02d0a\u032f\u03b8\u0259r] = word, speech, utterance, verb, discourse<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\nbr\u00edathar, briathor<\/strong> = word, utterance, talk, saying, speech, discourse, blessing, prayer, curse, promise, vow, pledge, verb
\nbr\u00edathardae<\/strong> = wordy, verbal
\nbr\u00edatharach<\/strong> = wordy, verbose
\nbr\u00edathad<\/strong> = act of speaking
\nbr\u00edatharaigid<\/strong> = to speak, pronounce<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\nbriathar<\/strong> [\u02c8b\u02b2\u027e\u02b2i\u0259h\u0259\u027e\u02e0 \/ \u02c8b\u02b2\u027e\u02b2i\u02d0h\u0259\u027e\u02e0] = word, verb
\nbriathartha<\/strong> = verbal
\nbriathrach<\/strong> = wordy, verbose
\nbriathrachas<\/strong> = wordiness, verbosity
\nbriathra\u00edocht<\/strong> = diction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\nbriathar<\/strong> [br\u02b2i\u0259h\u0259r] = word, term
\nbriathrail<\/strong> [br\u02b2i\u0259ral] = loquacious, talkative, wordy, verbose
\nbriathrach<\/strong> [br\u02b2i\u0259r\u0259x] = talkative, loquacious, wordy, verbose<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\nbreear<\/strong> = verb
\nbreearagh<\/strong> = verbal<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\nbrwyder, brwydyr<\/strong> = battle
\nbrwydraw<\/strong> = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
\nbrwydrin<\/strong> = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
\nbrwydyrdaer<\/strong> = resolute in battle, fighting with all one’s might
\nbrwytyrgar, brwydyrgar<\/strong> = delighting in fighting, eager for battle, bellicose
\nbrwydryar<\/strong> = tumult of battle, battle-cry
\nbrwydr-wr<\/strong> = fighter, warrior, combatant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\nbrwydr<\/strong> [\u02c8br\u028a\u0268\u032fdr \/ \u02c8br\u028ai\u032fdr] = pitched battle, conflict, attack, campaign, struggle, bother, dispute, controversy, host, army
\nbrwydrin<\/strong> = battle, conflict, fierce, pugnacious
\nbrwydro<\/strong> = to battle, fight, struggle, attack
\nbrwydrwr<\/strong> = fighter, warrior, combatant<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from Proto-Indo-European *b\u02b0erH-<\/em> (to strike, pierce) [source<\/a>]. Words from the same PIE root include boren<\/strong> (to) bore<\/strong> in English, (to drill) in Dutch, and for\u00e0re<\/strong> (to pierce, puncture) in Italian [source<\/a>].<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n*galw-o-<\/strong> = call<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\ngl\u00e1ed<\/strong> = shout, loud call
\ngl\u00e1edach<\/strong> = noisy, blustering, adjective
\ngl\u00e1edid<\/strong> = to cry out, name; verb
\ngl\u00e1edem<\/strong> = wolf
\nglegrach<\/strong> = noisy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\ngl\u00e1ed, glaid<\/strong> = shout, loud call
\ngl\u00e1edach<\/strong> = calling, crying out, shouting, noisy, blustering
\ngl\u00e1edid<\/strong> = to cry out, to name
\nglegrach<\/strong> = noisy, resounding, clamorous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\nglao<\/strong> [\u0261l\u032a\u02e0e\u02d0\/\u0261l\u02e0i\u02d0] = call, shout
\nglaoch<\/strong> = calling, to call
\nglaoigh<\/strong> = to call, cry out, shout
\nglaoiteach<\/strong> = calling, vociferous
\nglaomaire<\/strong> = loud-mouthing, vociferous, boastful person
\nglaomaireacht<\/strong> = shouting, bragging, boastfulness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\nglaodh<\/strong> [gl\u032a\u02e0\u026f\u02d0] = cry, shout, yell, proclamation
\nglaodhach<\/strong> [gl\u032a\u02e0\u026f\u02d0.\u0259x] = crying, shouting, yelling
\nglaodhaire<\/strong> [gl\u032a\u02e0\u026f\u02d0.\u026ar\u02b2\u0259] = crier, loudspeaker
\nglaodhar<\/strong> [gl\u032a\u02e0\u026f\u02d0.\u0259r] = noise, rattling, clang, clash
\nglaodhte<\/strong> = cried, shouted, yelled<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\ngyllagh<\/strong> = calling, crying
\ngyllaghey<\/strong> = to cry, roar, shout<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n*g\u0117lw\u0268d<\/strong> = to call<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\ngalw<\/strong> = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
\ngelwi, galw, galwaf<\/strong> = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
\ngalwedic, galwedig<\/strong> = called, named, summoned
\ngalwedigaeth, galwedygaeth<\/strong> = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\ngalw<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261alu \/ \u02c8\u0261a\u02d0lu] = a call, calling, shout, cry, invitation
\ngalwad<\/strong> = a calling, call, shout, sounding
\ngalwaf, galw, gelwain<\/strong> = to call, shout, bawl, summon, invite
\ngalwdig<\/strong> = called, named, summoned
\ngalwdigaeth<\/strong> = call, a calling, vocation, profession, occupation
\ngalwdigaethol<\/strong> = vocational, occupational, professional<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\ngalow<\/strong> = a call, invitation
\ngelwel, gylwel<\/strong> = to call (for), invoke, name<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\ngalow<\/strong> = appeal, call, calling, invitation, vocation
\ngalwansek<\/strong> = vocational
\ngalwen<\/strong> = call
\ngalwesigeth<\/strong> = calling, profession, vocation
\ngalwesik<\/strong> = professional
\ngelwel<\/strong> = to call, appeal, invite, summon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\ngalu<\/strong> = appeal, summons<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\ngalu<\/strong> = appeal, summons
\ngueruell, gueluer<\/strong> = to call, summon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\ngalv<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261alw\/\u02c8\u0261al\u0265\/\u02c8\u0261alf] = appeal, summons
\ngalvedigezh<\/strong> [\u0261alve\u02c8di\u02d0\u0261\u025bs] = vocation, calling
\ngalvel, galven, galver, gervel<\/strong> = to call, summon<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European *gal(o)s-<\/em> (voice, cry). The English word call<\/strong> comes from the same PIE root, as do galsas<\/strong> (sound, echo) in Lithuanian, \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441<\/strong> [\u02c8\u0261o\u026b\u0259s] (voice, word, remark, vote) in Russian, hlas<\/strong> (voice, vote) in Czech, and gallo<\/strong> (rooter, cockerel) in Spanish [Source<\/a>].<\/p>\n

\"The<\/a><\/p>\n

Sources: Wiktionary<\/a>, Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, Teanglann.ie<\/a>, eDIL – Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English – Old Irish glossary<\/a>, Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, TermOfis<\/a>, English – ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Words for word, call, cry and related things in Celtic languages. Word cloud created with WordItOut Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *g\u0101ri = shout, call *garyeti = to cry, shout *gar(r)man- = cry, shout *garyo- = word, command *garyos = call, cry Gaulish *Garomaros \/ Garo-marus = personal name adgarion = accuser […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,75,81,19,20,25,111,21,83,3,110,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,10,11,12,13,106,23,82,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6263","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-czech-cestina","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-hindi-","category-gaeilge-irish","category-italian-italiano","category-language","category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-russian-","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6263","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6263"}],"version-history":[{"count":22,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6263\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8431,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6263\/revisions\/8431"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6263"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6263"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6263"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}