{"id":6253,"date":"2021-11-03T17:34:58","date_gmt":"2021-11-03T17:34:58","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6253"},"modified":"2024-08-31T13:23:08","modified_gmt":"2024-08-31T12:23:08","slug":"ditches-and-trenches","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2021\/11\/03\/ditches-and-trenches\/","title":{"rendered":"Ditches and Trenches"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>ditches<\/strong>, <strong>trenches<\/strong> and related words in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/mhcole\/31278042\/in\/photolist-3LiSA-LVwN9L-6hFLDe-9Qn27m-LpU9gL-277i5eR-2mCWaMK-HgHA84-29W86J-f5pENR-6Udvtz-6UdxsT-63ZYrq-63VHae-d94p-2TTjdB-oxwM2T-3gfHFs-2gzdHJY-NyZW6K-SvFC89-6Uce5n-2cj2wGm-AUk1t-2cj2wEs-z5c1eQ-4G6gYF-4dTBAT-6Udvdp-2iRoyMX-76eQTo-5xzgR-SmPP7x-9mAfG3-Pc2wDE-LUeisg-6Ts7J-28rgNK-9ZcUFr-5xzgT-5XtCdT-5hHf3M-74Rr5Z-6UhxbQ-5TkLua-7SC6Nc-5ViPtd-2bhntjG-3a5cfR-5NWeUH\" title=\"irrigation_ditch\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/21\/31278042_d2f20f575b_z.jpg\" alt=\"irrigation_ditch\" width=\"640\" height=\"480\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*klado-<\/strong> = to dig, bury<br \/>\n<strong>*kl\u0101dos<\/strong> = trench<br \/>\n<strong>*kladeti<\/strong> = to dig, thrust<br \/>\n<strong>*klady\u0101<\/strong> = digging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td>Vindo-<strong>cladia<\/strong> = <em>place name<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>clad<\/strong> = ditch, dyke<br \/>\n<strong>claide<\/strong> [\u02c8kla.\u00f0\u02b2e] = to dig<br \/>\n<strong>con\u00b7claid<\/strong> = to dig, excavate<br \/>\n<strong>do\u00b7claid<\/strong> = to dig up, uproot<br \/>\n<strong>claidid<\/strong> = to dig<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>clad, clod<\/strong> = hole dug in the ground, trench<br \/>\n<strong>claide<\/strong> = digging, trenching, ditch, trench, excavation<br \/>\n<strong>claidid<\/strong> = to dig, excavate, undermine<br \/>\n<strong>clas<\/strong> = ditch, trench, furrow, pit, cooking-pit, burning-pit, grave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cladh<\/strong> = ditch, trench (<em>literary<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>cladhach<\/strong> = ridged, furrowed<br \/>\n<strong>cladhaire<\/strong> = ditcher<br \/>\n<strong>claidh<\/strong> = to dig (a trench), build (a dike)<br \/>\n<strong>clais<\/strong> [kl\u02e0\u00e6\u0283] = water channel, gully, ditch, trench, furrow, rut, groove, deep cut, gash, put, trough, soft mass, large quantity<br \/>\n<strong>clasach<\/strong> = channelled, trenched, grooved, gashed<br \/>\n<strong>clasaigh<\/strong> = to channel, trench, gash, groove<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cladh<\/strong> [kl\u032a\u02e0\u0264\u0263] = burial ground, cemetry, graveyard, ditch<br \/>\n<strong>cladhach<\/strong> [kl\u032a\u0264.\u0259x] = digging, dig, excavation<br \/>\n<strong>clais<\/strong> [kl\u032a\u02e0a\u0283] = furrow, groove, ditch, drain, gutter, rut, trench<br \/>\n<strong>claiseach<\/strong> [kl\u032a\u02e0a\u0283\u0259x] = furrowed, grooved, fluted, abounding in trenches\/ditches<br \/>\n<strong>claisean<\/strong> [kl\u032a\u02e0a\u0283an] = small furrow, small groove, small ditch, drain<br \/>\n<strong>claisearachd<\/strong> [kl\u032a\u02e0a\u0283\u0259r\u0259xg] = ditching, act of digging a ditch<br \/>\n<strong>clais-mh\u00f2r<\/strong> = gorge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>clash<\/strong> = channel, cleft, gorge, hollow, furrow, trench, sewer<br \/>\n<strong>clashal<\/strong> = to trench<br \/>\n<strong>clashag<\/strong> = furrowed, grooved<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kl\u0117\u00f0\u0268d<\/strong> [kle\u031d\u02c8\u00f0\u0268\u02d0d] = to dig, thrust<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>clad, clat<\/strong> = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave<br \/>\n<strong>cladedic, kladdedig<\/strong> = buried, interred, dug up<br \/>\n<strong>cladedigaeth, klydigeth<\/strong> = burial, funeral<br \/>\n<strong>claddfa<\/strong> = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground<br \/>\n<strong>cladu, kladu, kladdy, cladv<\/strong> = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow<br \/>\n<strong>cleis, clais<\/strong> = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cladd<\/strong> = hole, put, ditch, trench, grave<br \/>\n<strong>claddedig<\/strong> = buried, interred, dug up<br \/>\n<strong>claddedigaeth<\/strong> = burial, funeral<br \/>\n<strong>claddfa<\/strong> = cemetry, graveyard, burial-ground<br \/>\n<strong>claddu<\/strong> [\u02c8kla\u00f0\u0268\u031e\/\u02c8kla\u02d0\u00f0i] = to bury, hide, forget, dig, burrow, stab, pierce<br \/>\n<strong>clais<\/strong> [klai\u032fs\/klai\u032f\u0283] = bruise, would, break, line, groove, rut, fissure, ditch, trench, rivulet<br \/>\n<strong>clawdd<\/strong> [\u02c8kla\u02d0u\u032f\u00f0\/\u02c8klau\u032f\u00f0] = mound, dyke, earthwork, bulwark, boundary, hedge, fence; ditch, gutter, trench, pit, quarry, mine, moat, fosse<br \/>\n<strong>cloddio<\/strong> = to dig, delve, trench, ditch, excavate<br \/>\n<strong>clodd(i)wr, clawddwr<\/strong> = ditcher, navvy, digger, miner, quarryman, hedger, excavator<br \/>\n<strong>mwyn i\u2019r clawdd<\/strong> to be unsuccessful, fail (\u201cto go to the ditch\/wall\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cledh, cl\u00eadh<\/strong> = dyke, ditch, trench, fence<br \/>\n<strong>cladhva<\/strong> = a burying place<br \/>\n<strong>ancledhy<\/strong> = to bury, inter<br \/>\n<strong>ancledhyas, anclydhyas, encledhyes<\/strong> = burial, funeral<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kleudh<\/strong> = ditch<br \/>\n<strong>kleudhik<\/strong> = groove<br \/>\n<strong>kleudhya<\/strong> = to dig a trench, ditch, excavate<br \/>\n<strong>ynkleudhva<\/strong> = cemetry, graveyard<br \/>\n<strong>ynkleudhyans<\/strong> = burial, funeral<br \/>\n<strong>ynkleudhyas<\/strong> = to bury, inter<br \/>\n<strong>ynkleudhyer \/ ynkleudhyores<\/strong> = funeral director, undertaker<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>clud<\/strong> = hollow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>creux, cleus, cleuz<\/strong> = hollow, cave<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kleuz<\/strong> [kl\u00f8\u02d0(s)] = hollow, slope, earth embankment, fence (of earth), hedge (of thorns, etc)<br \/>\n<strong>kleuziad<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>kleuz(i)a\u00f1<\/strong> [\u02c8kl\u00f8\u02d0.z(i)\u00e3] = to dig<br \/>\n<strong>kleuzier<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*kelh-<\/em> (to beat, break) [<a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\/page\/n209\/mode\/2up\">source<\/a>]. <\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00edog<\/strong> = ditch, trench, drain<br \/>\n<strong>d\u00edogach<\/strong> = trenched, having trenches<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d\u00ecg<\/strong> [d\u02b2i\u02d0g] = ditch, dyke, drain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>jeeg<\/strong> = ditch, gutter, moat, trench<br \/>\n<strong>jeeig<\/strong> = conduit, cut, ditch, drain, gully, put, trench, waterway, sewer<br \/>\n<strong>jeeigagh<\/strong> = ditched<br \/>\n<strong>jeeigit<\/strong> = ditched, drained<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: unknown.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fos<\/strong> = prop, buttress, wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fos<\/strong> [f\u0254s] = ditch, wall, buttress (<em>archaic<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fos, foss<\/strong> = ditch, dike<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ffos<\/strong> [f\u0254s] = ditch, dike, gutter, moat, trench, furrow, groove, pit<br \/>\n<strong>ffos(i)af, ffosi(o)<\/strong> = to ditch, trench, furrow, chamfer<br \/>\n<strong>ffosedig<\/strong> = trenched, moated, furrowed, lined<br \/>\n<strong>ffos gaeedig<\/strong> = drain<br \/>\n<strong>ffos y clawdd, ffos glawdd<\/strong> = roadside ditch<br \/>\n<strong>ffos ddyfrio<\/strong> conduit<br \/>\n<strong>ffos melin, ffos y felin<\/strong> = mill-race<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fos<\/strong> = ditch, moat, trench, intrenchment, wall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fos<\/strong> = wall<br \/>\n<strong>paper fos<\/strong> = wallpaper<br \/>\n<strong>toll y\u2019n fos<\/strong> = cash dispenser, ATM (\u201chole in the wall\u201d)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fos, foss, f\u00f4s<\/strong> = ditch, gap, pit, (river) bed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>foz<\/strong> = ditch, gap, sand trap<br \/>\n<strong>foz disac\u2019ha\u00f1<\/strong> = rift (valley), collapsed ditch<br \/>\n<strong>foz-kronnia\u00f1<\/strong> = holding tank, retention pit<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Latin <em>fossa<\/em> (ditch, trench, moat, gutter, furrow), from <em>fossa terra<\/em> (dug-up earth) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/ffos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*k\u02b7antyos<\/strong> = flat hill, valley<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9ite<\/strong> = hill, mound, race-course, assembly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9ide, c\u00e9ite<\/strong> = hill, mound, eminence, open space<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e9ide<\/strong> [\u02c8l\u02b2\u025bt\u02b2\u0259\u027e\u02b2\/\u02c8l\u0320\u02b2\u025bt\u02b2\u0259\u027e\u02b2] = flat-topped hill, place of assembly<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>c\u00e8ide<\/strong> = market, fair, green, hillock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Pictish<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u1698\u1690\u1685\u1688<\/strong> = hollow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pant<\/strong> = hollow, depression, valley, dent<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pant<\/strong> [pant] = hollow, depression, valley, dent<br \/>\n<strong>pant (y) llaw<\/strong> = palm of the hand<br \/>\n<strong>pant a thalar<\/strong> = hilla and dale, everywhere<br \/>\n<strong>pantiad<\/strong> = hollow, depression<br \/>\n<strong>pant(i)af, pantio, pantu<\/strong> = to be(come) hollow, make an impression, sink (in the middle)<br \/>\n<strong>pant(i)og<\/strong> = hollow, sunken, uneven, holed, sinking, sagging, concave<br \/>\n<strong>pantir<\/strong> = dale-land, valley-bottom, lowland<br \/>\n<strong>pantlawr<\/strong> = uneven\/concave floor<br \/>\n<strong>pantlle<\/strong> = hollow, dell, small valley, place full of hollows<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pans<\/strong> = dell, dingle, hollow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>pantet<\/strong> = curved, curve<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pant<\/strong> = curved, curve, bend<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pant<\/strong> = slope, hillside<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the PIE <em>*kwem-t<\/em> (hill)<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\/mode\/2up\">Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for ditches, trenches and related words in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *klado- = to dig, bury *kl\u0101dos = trench *kladeti = to dig, thrust *klady\u0101 = digging Gaulish Vindo-cladia = place name Old Irish (Gaoidhealg) clad = ditch, dyke claide [\u02c8kla.\u00f0\u02b2e] = to dig con\u00b7claid = to dig, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,25,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,10,69,12,13,23,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6253","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-pictish","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6253","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6253"}],"version-history":[{"count":17,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6253\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8401,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6253\/revisions\/8401"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6253"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6253"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6253"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}