{"id":6173,"date":"2021-09-15T16:45:14","date_gmt":"2021-09-15T15:45:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=6173"},"modified":"2024-06-12T22:20:11","modified_gmt":"2024-06-12T21:20:11","slug":"battle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2021\/09\/15\/battle\/","title":{"rendered":"Battle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>battle<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/maldurbin\/14635330437\/in\/photolist-oigTRp-ozNaBJ-ozy287-PA1bYo-PYFi6V-PA1cFL-oixbHo-oiiush-nEoUYf-oih8qD-ozKiNY-ozKf6C-oigDG3-ozNnmA-oiim3R-nWN2dS-nWTEQr-nWLBhq-oivRvf-nEoQKf-ozLndz-ozuj7T-ozL4Fk-oigixB-oiweuz-ozucAr-nWAypv-nEoJxK-oxYzL9-oiy5xc-ozLhk8-nEpQrV-ozYszQ-oii616-oigWTt-ozLuXc-oiwhgg-oxZ5u1-ozKtxC-ozurBT-oivT2o-oBw7jR-oihi4r-oih6y2-oih5w2-oiidVs-ozKkdm-ozKgXy-oBx1Ht-ozYz4w\" title=\"St Fagan's National Museum of Wales\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/2901\/14635330437_09e1d5c354_z.jpg\" alt=\"St Fagan's National Museum of Wales\" width=\"640\" height=\"406\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*katus<\/strong> = battle<br \/>\n<strong>*Katutigernos<\/strong> = \u201cbattle lord\/master\u201d  (<em>male name<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>*Katuweln\u0101mnos<\/strong> = \u201cbattle ruler\u201d (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>catu, katu<\/strong> = battle<br \/>\n<strong>Katutigernos<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Primitive Irish<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u1689\u1690\u1688\u1688\u1692 (cattu)<\/strong> = battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cath<\/strong> [ka\u03b8] = battle, fight, troop, battalion<br \/>\n<strong>cathach<\/strong> = bellicose, warlike<br \/>\n<strong>cathaigecht<\/strong> = warfare<br \/>\n<strong>cathaige<\/strong> = warrior<br \/>\n<strong>cathaigid<\/strong> = to fight, give battle<br \/>\n<strong>cocad<\/strong> = war, conflict (from com (with) and cath)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cath, <\/strong> = battle, fight, troop, battalion<br \/>\n<strong>cathach<\/strong> = bellicose, vehement<br \/>\n<strong>cathaigecht<\/strong> = warfare<br \/>\n<strong>cathaige<\/strong> = fighter, warrior<br \/>\n<strong>cathaigid<\/strong> = to fight, give battle<br \/>\n<strong>cocad<\/strong> = war, conflict, act of waging war<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cath<\/strong> [kah] = battle, conflict, trial, battalion<br \/>\n<strong>cathach<\/strong> = battling, warlike<br \/>\n<strong>catha\u00ed<\/strong> = battler, fighter<br \/>\n<strong>cathaigh<\/strong> to battle, fight, tempt<br \/>\n<strong>cogadh<\/strong> [\u02c8k\u0254\u0261\u0259\/\u02c8k\u028c\u0261u] = war, warfare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cath<\/strong> [kah] = battle, fight, contest, struggle, battalion, warfare<br \/>\n<strong>cathach<\/strong> = warlike<br \/>\n<strong>cath nan con<\/strong> = dogfight<br \/>\n<strong>cath-thuagh<\/strong> = battle axe<br \/>\n<strong>bl\u00e0r-catha<\/strong> = battlefield<br \/>\n<strong>gairm-chatha<\/strong> = warcry<br \/>\n<strong>cogadh<\/strong> [kog\u0259\u0263] = war, fighting, warfare<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cah<\/strong> = military action battle<br \/>\n<strong>crooseyr cah<\/strong> = battle-cruiser<br \/>\n<strong>caggey<\/strong> [\u02c8ka\u02d0\u0263\u0259] = war, fight, scrap, combat, campaign, clash, battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kad<\/strong> = battle<br \/>\n<strong>*Kad\u00fcd\u0268\u0263ern<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>*Kaduwall\u1ecdn<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>Categern, Catigern<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>Cadwallawn<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>Categern, Catigern<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kad, kat<\/strong> = battle<br \/>\n<strong>Cattegirn<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>Catgollaun, Catguallaun, Katwallaun<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cad<\/strong> [ka\u02d0d] = battle, conflict, war, strife, struggle, trouble, army, host, throng, multitude, band<br \/>\n<strong>cad ar faes<\/strong> = at loggerheads<br \/>\n<strong>cadfan<\/strong> = battlefield<br \/>\n<strong>Cadfan<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>) = 6th century Breton missionary to Wales [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint_Cadfan\">more details<\/a>]<br \/>\n<strong>Cadeyrn<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>Cadwallon<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cad, c\u00e2s<\/strong> = battle, war<br \/>\n<strong>cadlys<\/strong> = camp, intrenchment<br \/>\n<strong>cadwur<\/strong> = warrior, soldier, champion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kas<\/strong> = armed conflict, battle, war<br \/>\n<strong>kasor, kasores<\/strong> = fighter<br \/>\n<strong>kasorek<\/strong> = militant<br \/>\n<strong>Kaswallawn<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>Kaduuallon, Catuuallon<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kad<\/strong> = combat<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kad<\/strong> = battle<br \/>\n<strong>Kadwallawn<\/strong> (<em>male name<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European  <em>*k\u00e9h\u2083tus<\/em> (fight), which is also the root of the German words <strong>Hader<\/strong> (dispute, quarrel) and <strong>hadern<\/strong> (to bicker, quarrel, struggle) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/katus\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*agrom<\/strong> = slaughter, battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00e1r<\/strong> = slaugter<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00e1r<\/strong> = slaugter, carnage, defeat, destruction<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00e1r<\/strong> [\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u02e0] = slaughter, havoc<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e1rmh\u00e1<\/strong> = battlefied, scene of slaughter<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e1rmhach<\/strong> = slaughter<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e1rmhar<\/strong> = slaugterous, destructive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00e0r<\/strong> [a\u02d0r] = battle, battlefield, slaughter, death<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e0r-fhaich, \u00e0r-mhagh<\/strong> = battlefield<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e0rmhach<\/strong> = destructive<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>haar<\/strong> [\u02c8h\u025b\u02d0r] =  slaughter, slaughtering<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*a\u0268r<\/strong> [a\u0268\u032fr] = battle, carnage<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Welsh<\/th>\n<td><strong>hair<\/strong> = battle, fight, war<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aer<\/strong> = battle, fight, war<br \/>\n<strong>aerbeir, aerbair<\/strong> = battle-lord, battle-leader<br \/>\n<strong>aerbais<\/strong> = coat of mail<br \/>\n<strong>aerbar<\/strong> = battle-spear, spear of slaughter<br \/>\n<strong>aerbybyr<\/strong> = bright, fine, valiant, zealous, strong in battle<br \/>\n<strong>aerdawel\u1efdch, aerdawelwch<\/strong> = silence after battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aer<\/strong> [a\u02d0\u0268\u032fr \/ ai\u032fr] = battle, fight, war, skirmish, carnage, slaughter, army<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>hair<\/strong> = slaughter, battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ar, h\u00e2r, har<\/strong> = slaughter, battle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton (Brethonoc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>air<\/strong> = battle, combat, carnage, massacre<br \/>\n<strong>airma<\/strong> = battlefield<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>hair, aer, \u00e1r<\/strong> = battle, combat, carnage, massacre<br \/>\n<strong>aerva, aerfa, \u00e1rmag<\/strong> = battlefield<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aer<\/strong> [\u025b\u02d0r] = battle, combat, carnage (<em>archaic<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>aergi<\/strong> [\u02c8\u025br\u0261i] = fighting dog, war dog, warrior (<em>archaic<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>aerva<\/strong> [\u02c8\u025br.va] = battlefield (<em>archaic<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European  <em>*h\u2082e\u01f5ros<\/em> (field, pasturage), possibly from <em>*h\u2082e\u01f5-<\/em> (to drive). Words from the same roots include <strong>act<\/strong>, <strong>action<\/storng>, <strong>agent<\/strong> and <strong>agile<\/strong> in English [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/agrom\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited2-468x60.gif\" width=\"468\" height=\"60\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for battle and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *katus = battle *Katutigernos = \u201cbattle lord\/master\u201d (male name) *Katuweln\u0101mnos = \u201cbattle ruler\u201d (male name) Gaulish catu, katu = battle Katutigernos (male name) Primitive Irish \u1689\u1690\u1688\u1688\u1692 (cattu) = battle Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) cath [ka\u03b8] = battle, fight, troop, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,25,61,21,3,22,5,6,37,7,27,8,9,10,40,42,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6173","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-cornish","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-old-welsh","category-primitive-irish","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6173","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6173"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6173\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8232,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6173\/revisions\/8232"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6173"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6173"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6173"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}