{"id":4355,"date":"2019-05-12T15:04:46","date_gmt":"2019-05-12T14:04:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=4355"},"modified":"2025-05-22T15:09:52","modified_gmt":"2025-05-22T14:09:52","slug":"hills","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/05\/12\/hills\/","title":{"rendered":"Hills"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>hill<\/strong> and related words in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/25664999061\/in\/album-72157626541135224\/\" title=\"Cwm Idwal\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/1525\/25664999061_ed50837fb6_z.jpg\" alt=\"Cwm Idwal\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ardwos<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>Arduenna<\/strong> = <em>place name<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> [ar\u0348d] = high, height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard, \u00e1rd<\/strong> = high above ground, elevated, lofty, tall, noble, great, proud, arduous, high place, height<br \/>\n<strong>ardach<\/strong> = hilly<br \/>\n<strong>ardae, airde<\/strong> = height, high place, nobility, loudness<br \/>\n<strong>ardaid<\/strong> = to rise<br \/>\n<strong>ardaigid<\/strong> = to raise, magnify, exalt<br \/>\n<strong>ard\u00e1n<\/strong> = pride, arrogance<br \/>\n<strong>ardri<\/strong> = high king<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> [\u0251\u02d0\u027e\u02e0d\u032a\u02e0\/\u00e6\u02d0\u027e\u02e0d\u032a\u02e0] = height, hillock, top, high part, elevation, head, rise, ascent<br \/>\n<strong>ardaigh<\/strong> = to raise, elevate, ascend, carry<br \/>\n<strong>ardaitheoir<\/strong> = lift, elevator<br \/>\n<strong>na farraig\u00ed arda<\/strong> = the high seas<br \/>\n<strong>s\u00e1la arda<\/strong> = high heels<br \/>\n<strong>Ard-Aifreann<\/strong> = High Mass<br \/>\n<strong>Ard-Aighne<\/strong> = Attorney-General<br \/>\n<strong>ardaingeal<\/strong> = archangel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>\u00e0rd<\/strong> [a\u02d0r\u032a\u02e0d] = high, lofy, tall, great, loud, chief, eminent, superior, supreme<br \/>\n<strong>\u00e0rd-bheinn<\/strong> = pinnacle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> [\u00f8(r)d] = high, towering, tall, big, loud, height, high place, fell, incline<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ar\u00f0<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard, art<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ardd<\/strong> [ar\u00f0\/a\u02d0r\u00f0] = hill, highland, top, high, upland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> = high, lofty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ardh<\/strong> = height, high place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arz<\/strong> = high, elevated, lofty<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*h\u2083r\u0325d\u02b0w\u00f3s<\/em>, from <em>*h\u2083erd\u02b0-<\/em> (to increase, grow, upright, high) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/ardwos\">source<\/a>], which is also the root of the Latin word <strong>arbor<\/strong> (tree) and words for tree in Romance languages [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/arbor#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*knokkos<\/strong> = protuberance, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnocc<\/strong> [knok] = hill, lump, swelling<br \/>\n<strong>cnoccach<\/strong> [\u02c8knokax] = hilly, lumpy<br \/>\n<strong>cnoc\u00e1n<\/strong> [\u02c8knoka\u02d0n] = little lump, mound, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnocc<\/strong> = lump, protruberance, hill, mound<br \/>\n<strong>cnoccach, cnocach<\/strong> = lumpy, hilly<br \/>\n<strong>cnocc\u00e1n, cnoc\u00e1n<\/strong> = little lump, mound, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnoc<\/strong> [kn\u032a\u02e0\u0254k \/ kn\u032a\u02e0\u028ak\/ k\u027e\u02e0\u028ak] = hill, mount<br \/>\n<strong>cnocach<\/strong> = hilly<br \/>\n<strong>cnocad\u00f3ir<\/strong> = hillman, hillclimber<br \/>\n<strong>cnocad\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = hill-climbing<br \/>\n<strong>cnoc\u00e1n<\/strong> = hillock, heap<br \/>\n<strong>cnoc\u00e1nach<\/strong> = hilly, uneven<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnoc<\/strong> [kr\u0254\u0303xg] = hill, small hill, hillock, knoll, chilblain<br \/>\n<strong>cnocach<\/strong> [kr\u0254\u0303xg\u0259x] = hilly, rugged, abrupt<br \/>\n<strong>cnocaireachd<\/strong> [kr\u0254\u0303xg\u025br\u02b2\u0259xg] = rough hill walking, pacing<br \/>\n<strong>cnocan<\/strong> [kr\u0254\u0303xgan] = hillock, ball of fibre<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cronk<\/strong> = mount, tor, hill,<br \/>\n<strong>crongan<\/strong> = mound, small hill, tuffet, tumulus, hillock<br \/>\n<strong>cronkan<\/strong> = knoll, small hill, hillock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*knox<\/strong> = hill, mound<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnwch<\/strong> = swelling, protuberance, thickness, hump<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnwc<\/strong> = hillock, knoll; swelling, tumour, lump, knob, hump<br \/>\n<strong>cnocell<\/strong> = hillock, knoll<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>cnoch<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>qnech, knech, crech, cre(a)c\u2019h<\/strong> = high, height, mountain, hill<br \/>\n<strong>krec\u2019hennek<\/strong> full of hills<br \/>\n<strong>krec\u2019hiek<\/strong> = steep, sloping, incluned<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>krec\u2019h<\/strong> = height, eminence, mound<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*kneg-<\/em> (back of the head, nape, neck). The English word <strong>neck<\/strong>, and related words in other Germanic languages, come from the same root [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/knokkos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*brusnyos<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bruinne<\/strong> = breast(s), bosom, chest; womb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bruinne, bruinde<\/strong> = breast, bosom, chest<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>broinne<\/strong> = breast, bosom; brink, verge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>broinne<\/strong> [br\u0264in\u032a\u02b2] = belly, stomach; womb; bulge<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>brein<\/strong> = womb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*bronn\u0101<\/strong> = breast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bronn, bron<\/strong> = breast, bosom<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bron<\/strong> [br\u0254n] = breast, bosom, thorax, hill-side, slope, breast (of hill)<br \/>\n<strong>bronallt, broniallt<\/strong> = gentle slope of hill, rising ground, wooded slope<br \/>\n<strong>bryn<\/strong> = hill, mount, rise, bank; heap, mound; prominence, highness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bron<\/strong> = a round protuberance, breast, pap, slope of a hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bronn \/ brodn<\/strong> [br\u0254n: \/ br\u0254dn] = breast, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bron, bronn<\/strong> = breast, bossom, udder<br \/>\n<strong>bronna\u00f1, bronnat, bronni\u00f1<\/strong> = to breast feed<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bronn<\/strong> [\u02c8br\u0254\u0303n] = breast<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Celtic <em>*brus\u016b<\/em> (belly, abdomen, breast), possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*b\u02b0rews-<\/em> (belly, to swell) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/brus%C5%AB\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same Proto-Celtic root, via the Proto-West-Germanic <em>*brunnj\u0101<\/em> (chainmail shirt), include: <strong>brynja<\/strong> (coat of mail) in Icelandic, Swedish and Faroese, <strong>brynje<\/strong> (mail, armour) in Danish, <strong>brynje<\/strong> (coat of armour, protective clothing for motorcyclists) in Norwegian, and <strong>\u0431\u0440\u043e\u043d\u044f<\/strong> [br\u0254\u02c8n\u02b2a] (armour, armoured vehicle, shell) in Ukrainian [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic\/brunj%C7%AD\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The English words <strong>breast<\/strong>, <strong>brisket<\/strong> and <strong>bruise<\/strong> come from the same PIE root, as do <strong>borst<\/strong> (chest, thorax, breast) in Dutch, <strong>Brust<\/strong> (chest, breast, bosom) in German, and <strong>br\u00f6st<\/strong> (breast, chest, thorax) in Swedish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/b%CA%B0rews-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*brixs \/ *brig-<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*brign\u0101, -brig\u0101<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>br\u00ed<\/strong> [b\u02b2r\u02b2i\u02d0] = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>br\u00ed, bri<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>br\u00ed<\/strong> [b\u02b2\u027e\u02b2i\u02d0] = brae, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bre<\/strong> = hill, headland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*bre\u0263<\/strong> [\u02c8br\u025b\u02d0\u0263] = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bre<\/strong> [bre] = hill, hillock, mountain, hill-country, upland, peak<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bre<\/strong> = mountain, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bre<\/strong> [br\u025b: \/ bre:] = hill &#8211; <em>appears as Bray or Brae in placenames<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bre<\/strong> = hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bre<\/strong> [bre\u02d0] = hill, mountain<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*b\u02b0er\u01f5\u02b0-<\/em> (high) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/brixs\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The Spanish word <strong>bre\u00f1a<\/strong> (scrub, brush, rough ground), the Portuguese word <strong>brenha<\/strong> (scrub, complication, confusion) come from the Gaulish <em>*brign\u0101<\/em>, via the Vulgar Latin <em>*brigna<\/em> (rocky terrain) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Latin\/brigna\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>From the same PIE root we get the English words <strong>burrow<\/strong> and <strong>borough<\/strong>, and words in placenames such as burg, burgh and bury, and also the German <strong>Burg<\/strong> (castle), the Danish <strong>borg<\/strong> (castle, stronghold), and related words in other Germanic languages.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*krowko-<\/strong> = heap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cr\u00faach<\/strong> = stack, mountain, hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cr\u00faach,cruach<\/strong> = stack of corn, rick, heap, conical pile<br \/>\n<strong>cr\u00faachad<\/strong> = act of stacking, piling up<br \/>\n<strong>cr\u00faach\u00e1n<\/strong> = small rick, hill<br \/>\n<strong>cr\u00faachda<\/strong> = swollen, piled up<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruach<\/strong> [k\u027e\u02e0u\u0259x] = stack, rick, pile, (mountain) stack<br \/>\n<strong>cruachach<\/strong> = full of stacks<br \/>\n<strong>cruachad\u00f3ir<\/strong> = stack-builder<br \/>\n<strong>cruachad\u00f3ireacht<\/strong> = (act of) building stacks<br \/>\n<strong>cruach\u00e1n<\/strong> = (small) stack; person of stunned growth<br \/>\n<strong>cruach\u00f3g<\/strong> = heap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruach<\/strong> [kru\u0259x] = pile, stack; round hill; clamp (stack)<br \/>\n<strong>cho seasgair ri luchag ann an cruach<\/strong> = as snug as a bug in a rug (\u201cas snug as a mouse in a haystack\u201d)<br \/>\n<strong>cruach-fhe\u00f2ir<\/strong> = haystack<br \/>\n<strong>cruach-mh\u00f2na, cruach m\u00f2nach<\/strong> = peat-stack<br \/>\n<strong>cruach-sheangan<\/strong> = anthill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>creagh<\/strong> = stack, furrow<br \/>\n<strong>creagh fendeilagh<\/strong> = barricade<br \/>\n<strong>creagh hraagh<\/strong> = haystack<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>krug, gruc, grvg<\/strong> = hillock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>crug<\/strong> = hillock, knoll, cairn, tumulus, heap, mass, stack, group, company, multitude; pustule, abscess, boil, carbuncle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruc<\/strong> = hillock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruc, cruk, cr\u0177c<\/strong> = hillock, mound, barrow<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>krug<\/strong> = mound, tumulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>cruc<\/strong> = hillock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>krug<\/strong> = pile, heap<br \/>\n<strong>krugell<\/strong> = pile, heap, hillock, mound, tumulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>krug<\/strong> = mound<br \/>\n<strong>krugell<\/strong> = hillock, tumulus<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*kr\u0101(u)-<\/em> (to heap up) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cruach#Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*tumbo-<\/strong> = excrescence hill<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom<\/strong> = bush, tuft, hillock, knoll<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom<\/strong> = bush, tuft, hillock, knoll<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0\u0251um\u02e0\/t\u032a\u02e0\u028cm\u02e0] = bush, shrub<br \/>\n<strong>tomach<\/strong> = bushy, tufted<br \/>\n<strong>tomach\u00e1n<\/strong> = small tuft<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom<\/strong> [t\u0254um] = hillock, knoll, mound, clump, heap, tuft<br \/>\n<strong>toman<\/strong> [toman] = small hillock<br \/>\n<strong>tomag<\/strong> [tomag] = small hillock\/knoll\/mound, small clump, small heap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom<\/strong> = tussock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom, tomm<\/strong> = dung(hill), manure, compost, dirt, muck<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tom<\/strong> = dung(hill), manure, compost, dirt, muck, mud, mound, heap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: possibly from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*tewh\u2082-<\/em> (to swell), and cognate with the English word <strong>tumulus<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/create.blubrry.com\/resources\/podcast-media-hosting\/?code=omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_blubrry.png\" alt=\"Blubrry podcast hosting\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for hill and related words in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *ardwos = high Gaulish Arduenna = place name Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) ard [ar\u0348d] = high, height Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ard, \u00e1rd = high above ground, elevated, lofty, tall, noble, great, proud, arduous, high place, height ardach = hilly ardae, airde = height, high place, nobility, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,63,81,19,20,103,25,61,65,21,3,36,22,5,6,37,7,113,27,10,93,11,12,67,13,23,82,64,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-danish-dansk","category-dutch-nederlands","category-english","category-etymology","category-faroese-foroyskt-mal","category-gaulish","category-german","category-icelandic-islenska","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-norwegian-norsk","category-nouns","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-portuguese-portugues","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-spanish-espanol","category-swedish-svenska","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4355","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4355"}],"version-history":[{"count":36,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4355\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8811,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4355\/revisions\/8811"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4355"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4355"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}