{"id":4278,"date":"2019-04-18T14:41:46","date_gmt":"2019-04-18T13:41:46","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=4278"},"modified":"2024-03-30T15:52:17","modified_gmt":"2024-03-30T15:52:17","slug":"fortress","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2019\/04\/18\/fortress\/","title":{"rendered":"Castles &#038; fortresses"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>castles and fortresses<\/strong> in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/48390061822\/in\/photolist-2gJ27gF-2gJ2UPB-2gJ4HuJ-2g54tBf-RHsKY8-2ftTeHx-25rXbzG-27QTkQR-27Lhxo5-26teLha-JbT4Kz-KGTXxL-26K47UN-KGTYUy-27Lhtsu-27LhtvL-27LhtDb-JbDJfP-27A2QDg-27A2Pjx\" title=\"King John's Castle \/ Caisle&aacute;n Luimnigh\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/48390061822_db6c8b596c_z.jpg\" alt=\"King John's Castle \/ Caisle&aacute;n Luimnigh\" width=\"640\" height=\"361\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*d&#363;nom<\/strong> = stronghold<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d&uacute;n<\/strong> [du&#720;n] = fort, fortress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d&uacute;n<\/strong> [d&#810;&#736;u&#720;n&#736;] = fort; fortress; place of refuge, haven; residence, house; promontory fort; bluff<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>d&ugrave;n<\/strong> [du&#720;n] = fortress, heap<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>doon<\/strong> [du&#720;n] = fort, fastness, stronghold, bastion, earth fort, dun, fortified rock<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*din<\/strong> [&#712;di&#720;n] = hill, fortified hill, fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>dunum, *d&#363;nom<\/strong> = fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>din<\/strong> = fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>din<\/strong> [d&#618;n \/ &#712;di&#720;n] = city, fort, fortress, fastness, stronghold<br>\n<strong>dinas<\/strong> [&#712;d&#618;nas \/ &#712;di&#720;nas] = city, large town; town<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>din<\/strong> [di:n] = fort<br>\n<strong>dinas<\/strong> [&lsquo;dinas \/ &lsquo;din&#592;z ] = fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>din<\/strong> = fort, fortress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>din<\/strong> [d&#297;&#720;n] = fort, fortress (<em>archaic<\/em>)<br>\n<strong>dinas<\/strong> = bastion, stronghold<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Note<\/strong>: apart from <strong>dinas<\/strong> in Welsh, these words are mostly found in placenames, such as <strong>D&uacute;n Dealgan<\/strong> (Dundalk) in Ireland, <strong>D&uacute;n D&egrave;(agh)<\/strong> (Dundee) in Scotland, <strong>Dinbych<\/strong> (Denbigh) in Wales, <strong>Dinmeur<\/strong> (Dunmere) in Cornwall, and <strong>Dinan<\/strong> in Brittany.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*d&#688;uHnom<\/em> (enclosure), from <em>*d&#688;ewh&#8322;-<\/em> (to finish, come full circle) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/d%C5%ABnom\">source<\/a>]. The English words <strong>down<\/strong> (a (chalk) hill, rolling grassland), <strong>dune<\/strong> and <strong>town<\/strong> possibly come from the Proto-Celtic <em>*d&#363;nom<\/em> [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/down\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*katrixs \/ *katrik- \/ *kassrik-<\/strong> = fortification, fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ca(i)thir<\/strong> [&#712;ka&theta;&#601;r&#690;] = stone enclosure, fortress, castle; dwelling; monastic settlement, enclosure; monastery, convent; fortified city, city<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cathair<\/strong> [&#712;kah&#618;&#638;&#690;\/ka&#720;&#638;&#690;] = city; enclosed church establishment, monastic city; circular stone fort; dwelling (place), bed, lair<br>\n<strong>Cathair an Ph&aacute;pa<\/strong> = Vatican City<br>\n<strong>cathair chorr<\/strong> = round fort<br>\n<strong>cathair ghr&iacute;obh&aacute;in<\/strong> = maze, labyrinth<br>\n<strong>cathr&oacute;ir<\/strong> = citizen<br>\n<strong>cathr&oacute;ireacht<\/strong> = citizenship<br>\n<strong>ardchathair, pr&iacute;omhchathair<\/strong> = capital city, metropolis<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cathair<\/strong> [kah&#618;r&#690;] = city<br>\n<strong>cathair-bhaile<\/strong> = city (with city status)<br>\n<strong>cathair-st&agrave;it<\/strong> = city state<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>caayr<\/strong> = dwelling place, city<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: unknown. Possibly related to the Old English <em>h&#275;a&thorn;or<\/em> (enclosure, prison) or Serbo-Croatian <em>k&#525;tar<\/em> (    country, district) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/cathair#Old_Irish\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*kagrom<\/strong> = fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>caer<\/strong> [ka&#720;&#616;&#815;r \/ kai&#815;r] = fort, fortress, enclosed stronghold, castle, citadel, fortified town or city; wall, rampart, bulwark<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ker<\/strong> [k&#603;:r \/ ke:r] = fort, fortress, hill fort, city<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ker<\/strong> = town, village, villa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Celtic <em>*kagyom<\/em> (pen, enclosure), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*kag&#688;y&oacute;m<\/em> (enclosure, hedge) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/kag%CA%B0y%C3%B3m\">source<\/a>], which is also the root of words for hedge in Germanic languages, such as <strong>hedge<\/strong> in English, <em>Hecke<\/em> (hedge) in German and <em>h&aelig;k<\/em> (hedge, hurdle) in Danish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic\/hagj%C5%8D\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>caisel<\/strong> = fort, castle<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>caiseal<\/strong> = (ancient) stone fort; unmortared stone wall; boundary wall (of church or cemetery); caslte (in chess); spinning top<br>\n<strong>caisle&aacute;n<\/strong> [k&#601;&#712;&#643;l&#690;&#593;&#720;n&#810;&#736; \/ &#712;ka&#643;l&#800;&#690;&#593;&#720;n&#736; \/ &#712;ka&#643;l&#800;&#690;&aelig;n&#736;] = castle, mansion, cumulus (cloud)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>caisteal<\/strong> [ka&#643;d&#690;&#601;l&#736;] = castle, fort, tower, garrison; turreted mansion<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cashtal<\/strong> = castle, citadel, surrounding wall, bulwark, rook<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>castell<\/strong> [&#712;k&#688;ast&#603;&#620; \/ &#712;k&#688;ast&#603;&#620;] = castle, stronghold; castellated mansion; a kind of cloud; fortified town or city; village<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kastel<\/strong> = castle, hill fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kastell<\/strong> = castle, fort, fortress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Latin <em>castellum<\/em> (castle, fort, citadel, fortress, stronghold), a diminutive of castrum (fort) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/castellum#Latin\">source<\/a>], from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*&#7729;es-<\/em> (to cut, cut off, separate) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/castrum#Latin\">source<\/a>], which is also the root of words for castle in most European languages.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*fr&#257;ti-<\/strong> = fort, rampart<br>\n<strong>*r&#257;ti-<\/strong> = a dugout, a digging<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>ratin<\/strong> = <em>appears in place names<\/em><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r&aacute;th<\/strong> [r&#840;a&#720;&theta;] = earthen rampart surrounding a chief&rsquo;s residence, fort, rath<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r&aacute;th<\/strong> [&#638;&#736;&#593;&#720;\/&#638;&#736;a&#720;x] = earthen rampart, earthen ring-fort, rath, layer (of thatch)<br>\n<strong>r&aacute;thach<\/strong> = having earthen forts<br>\n<strong>r&aacute;th sneachta<\/strong> = snow-drift<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>r&agrave;th<\/strong> [r&#810;&#736;a&#720;] = (ancient) fortress, mound, (ancient) royal seat; clearing, cleared swathe of land; fortress, barrow, village, town<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>raah<\/strong> = rath, ring-fort<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td>bedd-<strong>rawd<\/strong> = cemetery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td>bedd<strong>rod<\/strong> = tomb, vault, grave, cemetery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td>bez-<strong>ret<\/strong> = cemetery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td>be<strong>red<\/strong> = cemetery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*prehzt-i-<\/em> (field). Possibly cognate with the Latin <em>pr&#257;tum<\/em> (meadow) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/pratum\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>kyvelchy, gyuyllchi<\/strong> = circular fortress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>cyfylchi<\/strong> = a kind of circular stronghold or fortress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from <strong>cyfwlch<\/strong> (complete, entire, perfect, excellent). Found only in the placenames such as <strong>Dwygyfylchi<\/strong> [d&#650;&#616;&#609;&#601;&#712;v&#601;l&chi;i], a village in Conwy county, which was first recorded as <strong>Dwykyvelchy<\/strong> in 1287 [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dwygyfylchi\">source<\/a>]. There is also <strong>Gyfylchi<\/strong> in the Afan Valley in Neath Port Talbot county [<a href=\"http:\/\/cistercianway.wales\/directory\/margam-neath\/afan-argoed-neath\/gyfylchi\/\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &ndash; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D&uacute;il B&eacute;lrai English &ndash; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &ndash; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/create.blubrry.com\/resources\/podcast-media-hosting\/?code=omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_blubrry.png\" alt=\"Blubrry podcast hosting\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for castles and fortresses in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *d\u016bnom = stronghold Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) d\u00fan [du\u02d0n] = fort, fortress Irish (Gaeilge) d\u00fan [d\u032a\u02e0u\u02d0n\u02e0] = fort; fortress; place of refuge, haven; residence, house; promontory fort; bluff Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig) d\u00f9n [du\u02d0n] = fortress, heap Manx (Gaelg) doon [du\u02d0n] = fort, fastness, stronghold, bastion, earth fort, [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16,26,63,19,20,25,61,21,3,22,7,27,8,10,11,12,67,13,23,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4278","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-danish-dansk","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-german","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-germanic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4278","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4278"}],"version-history":[{"count":21,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4278\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8061,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4278\/revisions\/8061"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4278"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4278"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4278"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}