{"id":3832,"date":"2018-12-09T20:36:42","date_gmt":"2018-12-09T20:36:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=3832"},"modified":"2022-01-28T16:18:49","modified_gmt":"2022-01-28T16:18:49","slug":"to-see-to-be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2018\/12\/09\/to-see-to-be\/","title":{"rendered":"To See &#038; To Be"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the verbs <strong>to be<\/strong> and <strong>to see<\/strong>, and related words, in Celtic languages. This verb is one of the few irregular verbs in the Celtic languages. Different parts of the conjugated forms come from different roots.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/diasfernandes\/256257027\/in\/photolist-oDohB-et3fTT-piqdKi-9Muu6G-dcxyW6-24cdJSj-oRLboH-PNFPK-uMH2s4-6TNsAd-4MxABY-Q1mHQK-9gkuut-DULEVz-TW6a5K-7VxyXG-ozguTN-pfi1MR-aaiLUU-ebsrWn-KByS83-QXejF1-oKTDBt-6aKwT9-t7gQys-gi8k-jjqDV4-6XzjUw-p1PVSP-yAmQJ-nN8rxP-p2DPx-9PEvgS-527E7W-bC88fQ-upyisG-ofwoVT-ZMfQyo-dcxArh-mmoKha-Hx2AK-4ZLpWa-af2Q4U-5AFCL-u3VhkH-Nx6wXA-M5Saqb-4PrvEh-5Q23EH-jL8YL\" title=\"bee\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/90\/256257027_c0c10541a6_z.jpg\" alt=\"bee\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\"><\/a><script async=\"\" src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*buyeti<\/strong> = to be, become<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>biiete<\/strong> = to be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>b\u00ed<\/strong> [b\u02b2i\u02d0] = to be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>b\u00ed<\/strong> [b\u02b2i\u02d0] = to be, exist (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/b%C3%AD#Irish\">conjugation<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bi<\/strong> [bi] = to be, exist (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/bi#Scottish_Gaelic\">conjugation<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bee<\/strong> [bi\u02d0] = to be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*buj\u0268d<\/strong> = to be, become<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bot<\/strong> = to be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bod<\/strong> [bo\u02d0d] = to be (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/bod#Welsh\">conjugation<\/a>)<br \/>\n<strong>bodaeth<\/strong> = existence, the state of being, ontology; a being, living creature<br \/>\n<strong>bodiad<\/strong> = (the state of) being, existence<br \/>\n<strong>bodiadol<\/strong> = being, existing, present (tense)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bos<\/strong> [\u02c8b\u0254\u02d0z] = to be, become, exist (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/bos#Cornish\">conjugation<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>bout\/bud\/but<\/strong> = to be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>beza\u00f1<\/strong> [\u02c8be.z\u0251\u0303] = to be (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/beza%C3%B1\">conjugation<\/a>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*b\u02b0uH-<\/em> (to become, grow, appear) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/buyetittps:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/wissus\">source<\/a>], which is also the root of such English words as <strong>wise<\/strong>, <strong>wit<\/strong>, <strong>view<\/strong>, <strong>vision<\/strong>, <strong>video<\/strong>, <strong>guide<\/strong>, <strong>druid<\/strong> and <strong>history<\/strong>  [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Category:English_terms_derived_from_the_Proto-Indo-European_root_*weyd-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*t\u0101ti<\/strong> = to be (stative)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>at\u00b7t\u00e1<\/strong> [at\u02c8ta\u02d0] = to be, have<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>t\u00e1<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0\u00e6\u02d0] = am\/is\/are (<em>present tense of the verb b\u00ed (to be) in the affirmative form<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tha<\/strong> [ha] = am\/is\/are (<em>present tense of the verb bi (to be) in the affirmative form<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ta<\/strong> [ta] = am\/is\/are (<em>present tense of the verb bee (to be) in the affirmative form<\/em>)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>tau<\/strong> = to be<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>taw<\/strong> [ta\u02d0u\u032f \/ tau\u032f] = that, being, existing, present (tense)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish<\/th>\n<td><strong>otte\/atta<\/strong> [\u02c8b\u0254\u02d0z] = that (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>to<\/strong> = that (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*steh\u2082-(t)<\/em> (to stand (up)) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/t%C4%81ti\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*weleti<\/strong> = to see<br \/>\n<strong>*wele<\/strong> = see (<em>imperative<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>*weless<\/strong> = seer, poet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Primitive Irish<\/th>\n<td>\u1683\u1693\u1682\u1694\u1688\u1690\u1684 (velitas) = poet<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>fil<\/strong> [f\u02b2il\u02b2] = am\/is\/are (<em>present progressive conjunct of at\u00b7t\u00e1<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>fili<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02b2il\u02b2i] = poet, seer<br \/>\n<strong>filidecht \/ filedacht<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02b2il\u02b2\u0259\u00f0(\u02b2)\u0259xt] = poetry, divination<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bhfuil<\/strong> [v\u02e0\u026al\u02b2 \/ w\u026al\u02b2] = am\/is\/are (<em>present affirmative form of the verb b\u00ed<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>n\u00edl<\/strong> [n\u0320\u02b2i\u02d0l\u02b2] = am not\/is not\/are not (<em>present negative  form of the verb b\u00ed<\/em>) &#8211; from <strong>n\u00ed fhuil<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>file<\/strong> = poet, satirist, scold<br \/>\n<strong>fil\u00edocht<\/strong> = poetry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>bheil<\/strong> [vel] = am\/is\/are (<em>present affirmative form of the verb bi<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>chan eil<\/strong> [xan\u032a\u02b2 el] = am not\/is not\/are not (<em>present negative  form of the verb bi<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>filidh<\/strong> [fil\u026a] = poet, bard, minstrel<br \/>\n<strong>filidheachd<\/strong> [fil\u026aj\u0259xg] = poetry, versification, rhyming<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>vel<\/strong> [vel] = am\/is\/are (<em>present affirmative form of the verb bee<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>cha nel<\/strong> = am not\/is not\/are not (<em>present negative  form of the verb bee<\/em>)<br \/>\n<strong>feelee<\/strong> [\u02c8f\u02b2il\u02b2i] = poet<br \/>\n<strong>feeleeaght<\/strong> = poetry<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwelet \/ guelud<\/strong> = to see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gweld<\/strong> [\u0261w\u025bld] = to see, behold, perceive with the eyes, grasp intellectually, understand, visualize, imagine, view, inspect, interview, visit, inquire (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/gweld#Welsh\">conjugation<\/a>)<br \/>\n<strong>gweledydd<\/strong> = seer, prophet, beholder<br \/>\n<strong>gweledig<\/strong> = in sight, visible, perceptible, seen, perceived<br \/>\n<strong>anweledig<\/strong> = invisible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gweles<\/strong> [&#8216;gw\u025bl\u025bs \/ &#8216;gw\u025bl\u0250z] = to see (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/gweles#Cornish\">conjugation<\/a>)<br \/>\n<strong>gweladow<\/strong> = visible<br \/>\n<strong>anweladow<\/strong> = invisible<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>gwelet<\/strong> = to hear, keep an eye on, watch (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/gwelet#Breton\">conjugation<\/a>)<br \/>\n<strong>gwelapi<\/strong> = visible<br \/>\n<strong>disgwel \/ diwel<\/strong> = invisible<br \/>\n<strong>rakwelet<\/strong> = to foresee, predict, preview<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*wel- <\/em> (to see). This verb came to mean \u201cthere is\u201d in Old Irish and its descendents, but continued to mean to see in the Brythonic languages [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/weleti\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ad-k\u02b7is-o-<\/strong> = to see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>aicci<\/strong> = sees<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>feic<\/strong> [f\u02b2\u025bc] = to see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>faic<\/strong> [f\u025b\u00e7g\u02b2] = to see, look, behold, observe<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>faik<\/strong> = to see<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*k\u02b7ey-<\/em> (to observe), or from <em>*k\u02b7es- <\/em> (see) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/feic\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.logainm.ie\/en\/s?txt=gls%3a106-lios&amp;pag=-1\">logainm.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\/browse?field_word_value=penn\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/create.blubrry.com\/resources\/podcast-media-hosting\/?code=omniglot\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/images\/banners\/banner_blubrry.png\" alt=\"Blubrry podcast hosting\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today we&#8217;re looking at the verbs to be and to see, and related words, in Celtic languages. This verb is one of the few irregular verbs in the Celtic languages. Different parts of the conjugated forms come from different roots. Proto-Celtic *buyeti = to be, become Gaulish biiete = to be Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) b\u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,25,21,3,22,6,7,8,10,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[52,46,51,48,47,53,49,50],"class_list":["post-3832","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words","tag-breton","tag-celitc","tag-cornish","tag-gaelic","tag-irish","tag-language","tag-manx","tag-welsh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3832","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3832"}],"version-history":[{"count":16,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3832\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6368,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3832\/revisions\/6368"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3832"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3832"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3832"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}