{"id":3525,"date":"2018-10-24T15:05:24","date_gmt":"2018-10-24T14:05:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/?p=3525"},"modified":"2023-10-08T15:59:00","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T14:59:00","slug":"heavy","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2018\/10\/24\/heavy\/","title":{"rendered":"Heavy"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>heavy<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/28077381551\/in\/photolist-JM6Vkn\" title=\"The plants are heavy in Bangor\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/7450\/28077381551_0408b3732f_z.jpg\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" alt=\"The plants are heavy in Bangor\"\/><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*trummos<\/strong> = heavy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trom<\/strong> = heavy, burden, distress, elder, weight<br \/>\n<strong>trummae<\/strong> = heaviness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trom<\/strong> = heavy, great, vast, powerful, mighty, weight, burden, bulk, severity, distress, difficulty, sorrow, blame, censure<br \/>\n<strong>trummae, truime<\/strong> = heaviness, weight, severity, rigour, sorrow, grief<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trom<\/strong> [t\u032a\u02e0\u027e\u02e0u\u02d0m\u02e0] = weight, burden, oppression, bulk, preponderance, importance, blame, heavy, stodgy, dense, thick, abundant<br \/>\n<strong>trom\u00e1bhal<\/strong> = massive<br \/>\n<strong>troime<\/strong> = heaviness, weightiness<br \/>\n<strong>troma\u00ed<\/strong> = weighty, onerous, grave, serious, heavy-handed<br \/>\n<strong>tromaigh<\/strong> = to become heavier, make heavier, add weight to, intensify, deepen, press upon<br \/>\n<strong>trom\u00e1n<\/strong> = weight<br \/>\n<strong>tromas<\/strong> = oppression, distress<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G\u00e0idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trom<\/strong> [tr\u0254um] = heavy; weighty, ponderous; pregnant; deep, profound; oppressive (<em>mood<\/em>); mournful, melancholic; burden, weight<br \/>\n<strong>tromach<\/strong> = heavy \/ clunky one<br \/>\n<strong>tromadach<\/strong> = bulky, large, substantial, massive, ample, weighty, lumpish<br \/>\n<strong>tromaich<\/strong> = make\/become heavy, burden, load, oppress<br \/>\n<strong>troman<\/strong> = great weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trome<\/strong> [t\u032aro\u02d0m] = heavy, difficult, grave, substantial, weighty, deep, sweated, emphatic, hard, gruelling, harsh<br \/>\n<strong>tromey<\/strong> = heavy, grievous<br \/>\n<strong>trommey<\/strong> = heavy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*trumm<\/strong> = heavy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trum, tr\u1efcm, trom, trwm<\/strong> = heavy, solid, bulky, large<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trwm<\/strong> [tr\u028am] = heavy, solid, bulky, large, thick, intense, severe, hard, excessive; extensive, plentiful; boring, abstruse; close, muggy, oppressive<br \/>\n<strong>trwmgalon, trymgalon<\/strong> = heavy-hearted, sad, sorrowful, downhearted, troubled, sadness<br \/>\n<strong>trymhau<\/strong> = to make\/become heavier<br \/>\n<strong>pendrwm<\/strong> = downcast, downhearty, sorrowful, dejected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trom<\/strong> = heavy, weighty, sad<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>trum<\/strong> = heavy (?)<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trum, trumm<\/strong> = quickly, fast, soon, sudden<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>trumm<\/strong> = sudden<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>The Breton words might not be cognate with the words in the other languages.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*trewd<\/em> (thrust, press) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/trummos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same roots include <strong>intrude<\/strong>, <strong>protrude<\/strong>, <strong>threat<\/strong> and <strong>thrust<\/strong> in English, <strong>troid<\/strong> (fight) in Irish, <strong>trod<\/strong> (quarrelling, wrangling, scolding) in Scottish Gaelic and <strong>troddan<\/strong> (campaign, fight, quarrel) in Manx [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/trewd-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag)<\/th>\n<td><strong>p\u00eds<\/strong> = name of a weight, pennyweight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*pu\u0268s<\/strong> = heavy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pvys, pwys<\/strong> = weight<br \/>\n<strong>pwysedic<\/strong> = weighed, pressed, weighty, heavy<br \/>\n<strong>pvysuaur, pwys-fawr<\/strong> = heavy, important, momentous, serious<br \/>\n<strong>pwyssic<\/strong> = important, weighty, momentous<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pwys<\/strong> [pu\u02d0\u0268\u032fs\/p\u028ai\u032fs] = weight, pressure, impetus, burden, pound (lb)<br \/>\n<strong>pwysaf, pwyso<\/strong> = to weigh, be heavy, press, emphasize<br \/>\n<strong>pwysedig<\/strong> = weighed, pressed, weighty, heavy<br \/>\n<strong>pwysedd<\/strong> = pressure<br \/>\n<strong>pwysfawr<\/strong> = heavy, important, momentous, serious<br \/>\n<strong>pwysig<\/strong> = important, weighty, momentous, cautious<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>poys, p\u00f4s, poes, poays, boys<\/strong> = weighty, heavy, grevious<br \/>\n<strong>poesder, pysder<\/strong> = weight<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>poos<\/strong> = heavy, emphasis, importance, pressure, weight, muggy<br \/>\n<strong>poosa<\/strong> = to weigh<br \/>\n<strong>posek<\/strong> = important<br \/>\n<strong>poster<\/strong> = heaviness<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>pois, puisou<\/strong> = heavy, important, strong<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pouez<\/strong> = weight, authority, heavy<br \/>\n<strong>peosaff, poesa<\/strong> = to weigh<br \/>\n<strong>poesant<\/strong> = heavy<br \/>\n<strong>poesus<\/strong> = heavy<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pouez<\/strong> [\u02c8pwe\u02d0s] = weight, rhythm, importance<br \/>\n<strong>poueza\u00f1<\/strong> [\u02c8pwe\u02d0z\u00e3] = to weigh, insist<br \/>\n<strong>pouezadenn<\/strong> [pwe\u02c8z\u0251\u02d0d\u025bn] = weighing, pressure<br \/>\n<strong>pouezant<\/strong> = heavy<br \/>\n<strong>pouezer<\/strong> [\u02c8pwe\u02d0z\u025br] = weighing<br \/>\n<strong>pouezus<\/strong> [\u02c8pwe\u02d0zys] = important<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Vulgar Latin <em>*p\u0113sum<\/em>, from <em>p\u0113nsum<\/em> (allotment, portion, weight) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Brythonic\/pu%C9%A8s\">source<\/a>]. Words from the same roots include <strong>poids<\/strong> (weight) in French, and <strong>peso<\/strong> (weight) in Italian and Spanish [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/pensum#Latin\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton (Brezonec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ponnher, ponner, pouner<\/strong> = heavy, important, strong<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>pounner<\/strong> [pu.n\u025b\u0281] = heavy, exaggerated, strong, serious<br \/>\n<strong>pounneraat<\/strong> = to gain weight<br \/>\n<strong>pounnerder<\/strong> = gravity<br \/>\n<strong>pounnerglev<\/strong> = hard of hearing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/table>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: unknown<\/p>\n<div align=\"center\"><a href=\"http:\/\/my.kualo.com\/uk\/go\/00572\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/cdn.kualo.com\/rewards\/uk-unlimited-728x90.gif\" width=\"728\" height=\"90\" border=\"0\"\nalt=\"Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo\"\/><\/a><\/div>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &#8211; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D\u00fail B\u00e9lrai English &#8211; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\/mode\/2up\">Lexicon Cornu-britannicum: A Dictionary of the Ancient Celtic Language of Cornwall<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &#8211; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for heavy and related things in Celtic languages. Words marked with a * are reconstructions. Proto-Celtic *trummos = heavy Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) trom = heavy, burden, distress, elder, weight trummae = heaviness Middle Irish (Gaoidhleag) trom = heavy, great, vast, powerful, mighty, weight, burden, bulk, severity, distress, difficulty, sorrow, blame, censure trummae, truime = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,44,21,3,36,22,5,37,7,27,8,10,11,12,13,23,43,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3525","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-french","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-latin","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-breton","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-nouns","category-old-breton","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-verbs","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3525","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3525"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3525\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7618,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3525\/revisions\/7618"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3525"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3525"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3525"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}