{"id":3244,"date":"2018-09-30T19:55:22","date_gmt":"2018-09-30T19:55:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/rywsut\/?p=3244"},"modified":"2023-08-27T20:56:13","modified_gmt":"2023-08-27T19:56:13","slug":"high","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/2018\/09\/30\/high\/","title":{"rendered":"High, Elevated, Noble"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Words for <strong>high<\/strong> and related things in Celtic languages.<\/p>\n<p><a data-flickr-embed=\"true\" href=\"https:\/\/www.flickr.com\/photos\/omniglot\/49987811526\/in\/dateposted\/\" title=\"Inis M&oacute;r \/ Inishmore\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/live.staticflickr.com\/65535\/49987811526_62d9c1f125_z.jpg\" width=\"600\" height=\"450\" alt=\"Inis M&oacute;r \/ Inishmore\"><\/a><script async src=\"\/\/embedr.flickr.com\/assets\/client-code.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ardwos<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*arduenna<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> [ar&#840;d] = high, height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> = high, elevated, lofty, noble, distinguished, great, proud, difficult, laborious, arduous, height<br>\n<strong>ardach<\/strong> = hilly<br>\n<strong>ardae, airde<\/strong> = height, high place, greatness, nobility, loudness<br>\n<strong>ardaid<\/strong> = rises (against), to rebel<br>\n<strong>ard&aacute;n<\/strong> = pride, arrogance<br>\n<strong>ardr&iacute;<\/strong> = high king<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> [&#593;&#720;&#638;&#736;d&#810;&#736; \/ &aelig;&#720;&#638;&#736;d&#810;&#736;] = height, hillock, top, high part; high, tall; loud; ambitious; chief, excellent, noble, advanced<br>\n<strong>ardaigh<\/strong> = to raise, elevate, ascend, carry<br>\n<strong>ard&aacute;n<\/strong> = small height, platform, stage, stand, terrace, uplift<br>\n<strong>ardr&iacute;<\/strong> = high king<br>\n<strong>ardscoil<\/strong> = high school<br>\n<strong>ard&uacute;<\/strong> = elevation, increase, exaltation, excitement<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>&agrave;rd<\/strong> [a&#720;r&#810;&#736;d] = high, lofty, tall; great; loud; chief, eminent, superior, supreme<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rd-cheann<\/strong> = superior, chief<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rd-ch&ugrave;irt<\/strong> = high court<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rd-chiallach<\/strong> = intellectual<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rd-ollamh<\/strong> = professor<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rd-sgoil<\/strong> = secondary school, high school<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rdchadh<\/strong> = raising, elevating, promoting, advancing, raise, elevation, promotion, advancement<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rdaichte<\/strong> = raised, upgraded<br>\n<strong>&agrave;rdan<\/strong> = arrogance, haughtiness, pride, elevation, eminence, height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard<\/strong> = high, towering, tall, big, loud, height, high place, fell, incline, district, region, direction, compass point, pole<br>\n<strong>ardan<\/strong> = platform, stage, stand<br>\n<strong>ard-chione<\/strong> = head, principal, superior, supremo<br>\n<strong>ardys<\/strong> = exaltation, greatness, height<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ar&eth;<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard, art<\/strong> = hill, highland, top; high, upland<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ardd<\/strong> [ar&eth;] = hill, highland, top; high, upland<br>\n<strong>ardd-tir<\/strong> = high ground<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ard, arth<\/strong> = height, high place<br>\n<strong>arthelath<\/strong> = lordship<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ardh<\/strong> = height, high place<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>arz<\/strong> = high, elevated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h&#8323;r&#805;d&#688;w&oacute;s<\/em>, from <em>*h&#8323;erd&#688;-<\/em> (to increase, grow; upright, high) and <em>*-w&oacute;s<\/em> (creates adjectives from verbs) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic\/ardwos\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>The Ardennes, a region of forests and hills in mainly in Belgium, Luxembourg, and also in France and Germany, was known as <em>Arduenna Silva<\/em> in Latin. The first part of the Latin name probably comes from the Gaulish <em>*arduenna<\/em>, or from the Latin <em>arduus<\/em> (lofty, high, steep, tall), which comes from the same PIE root [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ardennes\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Other words from the same PIE roots include <strong>arbor<\/strong>, <strong>arduous<\/strong>, <strong>orthodox<\/strong> and <strong>orthography<\/strong> in English, <strong>arbre<\/strong> (tree) in French, <strong>&aacute;rbol<\/strong> (tree, mast) in Spanish, and <strong>&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;<\/strong> [rost] (growth, increase, rise, height, stature) in Russian [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/h%E2%82%83erd%CA%B0-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Celtic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*ouxselos<\/strong> = high, elevated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Gaulish<\/th>\n<td><strong>*uxelos<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Irish (Go&iacute;delc)<\/th>\n<td><strong>&uacute;asal<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>&uacute;asal<\/strong> = high, lofty, noble, honourable, noble<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Irish (Gaeilge)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uasal<\/strong> [&#712;u&#601;s&#736;&#601;l&#736;] = noble, high-born; gentle, gentlemanly; precious, fine; (<em>of place<\/em>) sacred to the dead; hallowed; enchanted, inhabited by fairies<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Scottish Gaelic (G&agrave;idhlig)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uasal<\/strong> [u&#601;s&#601;l&#827;&#736;] = noble, highminded, genteel<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Manx (Gaelg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ooasle<\/strong> = aristocratic, lofty, illustrious, esteemed, gentlemanly, patrician, honourable, dignified, lordly, magnificent, classy, respected<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Proto-Brythonic<\/th>\n<td><strong>*&#649;xel<\/strong> [&#649;&#712;x&#603;&#720;l] = high, elevated<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Welsh (Kymraec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>vchel, uchel<\/strong> = high, tall<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Welsh (Cymraeg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uchel<\/strong> [&#712;&#616;&#798;&chi;&#603;l \/ &#712;i&#720;&chi;&#603;l \/&#712;&#618;&chi;&#603;l] = hill, tall; high(-ranking), exalted, important, solemn, sublime, splendid, excellent, noble, stately, respectable, commendable; proud, haughty, arrogant, presumptuous, snobbish<br>\n<strong>uchelaf, uchelu<\/strong> = to raise, heighten, exalt, increase<br>\n<strong>uchelaidd<\/strong> = exalted<br>\n<strong>ucheldeb<\/strong> = highness<br>\n<strong>uchelder<\/strong> = high place, height, tallness, altitude, climax<br>\n<strong>ucheldir<\/strong> = highland, upland, high place, the Highlands<br>\n<strong>ucheldra<\/strong> = highness, height, glory, majesty, authority<br>\n<strong>ucheledig<\/strong> = elevated, sublime, noble<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Cornish (Cernewec)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uchel<\/strong> = high, lofty, towering<br>\n<strong>uchelder<\/strong> = height, highness, loftiness<br>\n<strong>uchelle<\/strong> = to make high, exalt, hallow, sanctify<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Cornish (Kernewek)<\/th>\n<td><strong>ughel<\/strong> [&lsquo;&#655;h&#603;l \/ &lsquo;&#618;&#653;&#592;l] = high, grand, loud, tall<br>\n<strong>ugheldas<\/strong> = patriarch<br>\n<strong>ughelder<\/strong> = height, loudness, tallness, volume<br>\n<strong>ughella<\/strong> = higher, superlative<br>\n<strong>ughelor<\/strong> = noble<br>\n<strong>ughelvam<\/strong> = matriarch<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Old Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>uchel, uhel<\/strong> = high<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Middle Breton<\/th>\n<td><strong>vhel, uhel, uc&rsquo;hel<\/strong> = high<br>\n<strong>uhelaat<\/strong> = to raise, elevate<br>\n<strong>uheladur<\/strong> = raising, heightening<br>\n<strong>uhela&ntilde;<\/strong> = highest, summit<br>\n<strong>uheldad<\/strong> = patriarch<br>\n<strong>uhelded<\/strong> = height, greatness, loftiness<br>\n<strong>uhelegezh<\/strong> = ambition, pride<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<th>Breton (Brezhoneg)<\/th>\n<td><strong>uhel<\/strong> = high, upstream, uphill<br>\n<strong>uhelaat<\/strong> = raising<br>\n<strong>uhelder<\/strong> = altitude<br>\n<strong>uhelded<\/strong> = height, greatness<br>\n<strong>uheldiad<\/strong> = dignitary<br>\n<strong>uhelvrud<\/strong> = prestige<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong>: from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h&#8323;ewps-<\/em> (height) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/h%E2%82%83erd%CA%B0-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words from the same PIE root include <strong>subtle<\/strong> and <strong>supine<\/strong> (lying on its back) in English, <strong>sotto<\/strong> (down, underneath, below) in Italian, <strong>arduous<\/strong>, <strong>orthodox<\/strong> and <strong>orthography<\/strong> in English, <strong>arbre<\/strong> (tree) in French, <strong>&aacute;rbol<\/strong> in Spanish, and <strong>&#1088;&#1086;&#1089;&#1090;<\/strong> [rost] (growth, increase, rise, height, stature) [<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European\/h%E2%82%83erd%CA%B0-\">source<\/a>].<\/p>\n<p>Words marked with a * are reconstructions.<\/p>\n<p>Sources: <em><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/\">Wiktionary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.faclair.com\/\">Am Faclair Beag<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.mannin.info\/Mannin\/fockleyr\/m2e.php\">Online Manx Dictionary<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teanglann.ie\/en\/fgb\/ceann\">Teanglann.ie<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/dil.ie\/\">eDIL &ndash; Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www3.smo.uhi.ac.uk\/sengoidelc\/duil-belrai\/english.html\">In D&uacute;il B&eacute;lrai English &ndash; Old Irish glossary<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/geiriadur.ac.uk\/gpc\/gpc.html\">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cornishdictionary.org.uk\">Gerlyver Kernewek<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/lexiconcornubrit00willuoft\">Gerlyvyr Cernewec<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.arkaevraz.net\/dicobzh\/index.php\">Dictionaire Favereau<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/www.brezhoneg.bzh\/87-termofis.htm\">TermOfis<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/devri.bzh\/\">Le dictionnaire diachronique du breton<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/geriafurch.bzh\/br\">Geriafurch<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wales.ac.uk\/Resources\/Documents\/Research\/CelticLanguages\/EnglishProtoCelticWordList.pdf\">English &ndash; ProtoCeltic WordList<\/a> (PDF), <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/embed\/EtymologicalDictionaryOfProtoCeltic\">Etymological Dictionary Of Proto Celtic<\/a><\/em><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.japanesepod101.com\/member\/go.php?r=759259&amp;i=b0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"\/images\/banners\/banner_japanesepod.jpg\" alt=\"The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com\" width=\"630\" height=\"83\"><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Words for high and related things in Celtic languages. Proto-Celtic *ardwos = high Gaulish *arduenna = high Old Irish (Go\u00eddelc) ard [ar\u0348d] = high, height Middle Irish (Gaoidhealg) ard = high, elevated, lofty, noble, distinguished, great, proud, difficult, laborious, arduous, height ardach = hilly ardae, airde = height, high place, greatness, nobility, loudness ardaid = [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,26,19,20,25,21,3,22,6,37,7,10,11,12,13,23,18,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3244","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-adjectives","category-breton","category-kernewek-cornish","category-english","category-etymology","category-gaulish","category-gaeilge-irish","category-language","category-gaelg-manx","category-middle-cornish","category-middle-irish","category-middle-welsh-kymraec","category-old-irish-goidelc","category-proto-brythonic","category-proto-celtic","category-proto-indo-european","category-gaidhlig-scottish-gaelic","category-cymraeg-welsh","category-words"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3244","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3244"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3244\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7507,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3244\/revisions\/7507"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3244"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3244"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.omniglot.com\/celtiadur\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3244"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}