So many languages, so little time

Often I wonder whether it would be better for me to concentrate on learning one or two languages really well, rather than trying to learn as many languages as possible. Although I’d really like to be fluent in all the languages I’ve studied, am studying and plan to study, I realise that this is perhaps an unrealistic ambition. So my aim, at the moment, is to become as fluent as possible in Spanish, Welsh and Irish, while continuing to study other languages.

Yesterday I came across an interesting blog by someone who describes herself as an “Aspiring Polyglot“. It seems she faces a similar dilemma to me – it’s good to know I’m not the only one!

Word of the day – плотник

плотник (plotnik), noun = carpenter

After a break of a few weeks, I started studying Russian again today. This week’s lesson is about occupations. It provides the Russian words for various jobs, but unfortunately doesn’t tell you how to say “I am a …” or “I work as a …”. Such sentences will hopefully appear later in the course.

Other words for occupations include:

секретарь (sekretar’) = secretary
доктор (doktor) = doctor
медсестра (medsestra) = nurse
зубной врач (zubnoj vrač) = dentist
учитель (učitel’) = teacher
пекарь (pekar’) = baker
механик (mexanik) = mechanic
студент (student) = student

Crosscultural (mis)communication

I’m currently reading some very interesting information about language, culture and particularly crosscultural communication. The ability to speak a foreign language fluenty doesn’t necessarily make for smooth and trouble-free communication with native speakers of that language. There are many differences in the way people use language, such as in volume, intonation, pitch and tone, and also in the topics they discuss, the way they take turns in a conversation and whether they express their opinions directly or indirectly. These differences may also occur among speakers of the same language.

Here are a few examples of potential crosscultural misunderstandings:

When you first meet someone in Germany it’s common and appropriate to discuss such topics as politics and religion, however in the UK and USA doing so might be perceived as intrusive and rude.

Among Chinese communities, it’s normal to discuss financial matters, even with people you’ve just met, though this would isn’t necessarily a welcome topic elsewhere.

The British and Americans generally take it turns to speak during a conversation, however Germans may start speaking while others are speaking in order to demonstrate their interest and enthusiasm.

In Japan it’s common to say “hai!” or make other appropriate noises while someone else is speaking to show that you’re listening. If you’re not used to this, it sounds like the listener is trying to hurry the speaker up so that they can have you say.

When an American says to you with “Hi, how are you”, he or she is not usually asking about your health – it’s just a greeting. This is one that often catches me out.

    Have you experienced any crosscultural communication difficulties recently?

Ar ais arís anois (back again now)

Tháinig mé ar ais chuig Brighton areir i ndhiaidh turas fada go maith – d’fhág mé Gleann Cholm Cille ag a haon déag ar maidin agus chuaigh mé ar a bus go Baile Dún na nGall, cá bhualadh mé le ceann de na scoláire a bhí ar an cúrsa in Oideas Gael, agus rinne mé comhrá léi as Gaeilge agus Béarla ar an bus go Baile Átha Cliatha.

I got back to Brighton last night after quite a long journey – I left Glencolmcille at eleven in the morning and went by bus to Donegal City, where I bumped into one of the other students who was on the course at Oideas Gael and I chatted to her in Irish and English on the bus to Dublin.

Nuair a tháinig mé chuig Gleann Cholm Cille Dé Sathairn seo caite, d’inis daoine liom go raibh féile ann an deireadh seachtaine sin, agus an tráthóna sin chuaigh mé chuig seisiún ar fheabhas in ostán Gleann Cholm Cille le ceoltóirí as Gleann, Oileán Mhanann agus Oileán Leodhais. Bhí cailín ann ag canadh as Manainnis, agus amhránaí eile ag canadh as Gaeilge na hAlban freisin. An lá dar gcionn, bhí cór as Leodhais agus cór áitiúl ag canadh Salm as Gaeilge na hÉireann agus Gaeilge na hAlban in Oideas Gael. Bhí fuaim an cór as Leodhais an chumhachtach agus corraitheach.

When I arrived in Glencolmcille last Saturday, I was told that there was a festival that weekend, and that evening I went to an excellent session at the Hotel Glencolmcille with musicians from the Glen, the Isle of Man and Lewis. There were a lass there who sang in Manx and other people singing in Scottish Gaelic. The next day, a local group and a group from Lewis sang some psalms in Irish and Scottish Gaelic at Oideas Gael.

The group from Lewis sang in very unusual way – they took it in turns to lead the singing, and the others improvised each line. It’s a unique style of singing and the sound they made was very powerful, moving and almost unearthly. There were only ten or them in the group, so the sound of a whole church full of people singing in this way must be incredible.

Bhain mé an sult as an fuílleach an seachtain. Níl ach seachtdeig daoine bhí ann ag foghlaim Gaeilge, triúr i rang a haon, beirt i rang a dó agus dháréag i rang a trí. Bhí go leor daoine ann i mbliana a bhí ann anuraidh, agus bhí sé deas iad a fheiceáil. Ar dtús, bhí ár múinteoir, Gráinne as Béal Feirste, giota beag moillitheach, ach i ndhiaidh tamallín bhí sí ag teacht i gcleachtadh ar chúrsai.

The rest of the week was very enjoyable. There was only seventeen of us studying Irish, three in level one, two in level two and twelve, including myself, in level three. Quite a few were there last year and it was nice to see them again. Our teacher, Gráinne from Belfast, was a bit hesitant at first, but soon got into the swing of things.

This year I stayed in a house in Cashel, over the road from one of the pubs and close to the shops. Two other students were staying there – a retired teacher from Austria and a lad from Roscommon who plays a mean flute. Our host fed us well and made us feel very welcome.

Most nights, after the activities at Oideas Gael, most of us ended up in Biddys, one of the local pubs. There were some good sessions, though not every night. We also watched quite a few football matches.

I learnt a lot during me stay in Gleann Cholm Cille and am now able to understand more Irish, and to speak it with more confidence and fluency. I’ll definitely be going back to Oideas Gael in the not too distant future.

Acronyms and abbreviations

At the online sales conference I attended today, we were bombared with a bewildering multitude of acronyms and abbreviations. There was much talk of SEO (Search Engine Optimization) and SEM (Search Engine Marketing) – even knowing what these abbreviations stand for doesn’t necessarily help you to understand them, in some cases.

An acronym is a pronounceable name made up of a series of initial letters or parts of words, such as NATO (North Altantic Treaty Organisation). Acro- is a combining form meaning something at a height, summit, top, tip, beginning or end. It comes from the Greek ακρος (akros) – extreme, topmost.

An abbreviation is a shortened or contracted form of a word or phrase used in place of the whole. Abbreviate comes from the Latin Latin abbreviāre from the Latin brevis – brief.

Word of the day – isogloss

isogloss, noun = a line drawn on a map around the area in which a linguistic feature is to be found, such as a particular pronunciation of a given word

Origin: from the Greek ισος (isos) – equal, and γλωσσα (glossa) – tongue/language.

Other words with similar meanings include: isolex, an isogloss for a particular item of vocabulary, and isophone, an isogloss for a particular feature of pronunciation.

The distribution of names of carbonated beverages in the USA can be divided using isolexes – in some areas the usual name for such drinks is soda, in some it’s pop, and in others it’s cola or coke. In the UK we call such drinks pop or soft drinks.

The phenomenon of isoglosses is discussed in the Linguistics books I’m currently reading and I like the sound of the word. This word, and the related words, also illustrate one of the advantages of being familiar with the Greek roots of English words. Now I know that iso(s) means equal, words using this prefix are slightly easier to understand.

Word of the day – nimhneach

nimhneach, adjective = painful, sore, (person) touchy, spiteful

Examples of usage
Tá sceadamán nimhneach orm = I have a sore throat
Tá droim nimhneach air = He has a sore back
Tá bolg nimhneach uirthi = She has a stomach-ache

Related words
nimh, noun = poison, venom
nimheadas, noun = antagonism, spitefulness
nimheanta, adjective = poisonous, spiteful
nimhigh, verb = to poison
nimhíoc, noun = antidote
nimhiú, noun = poisoning – nimhiú bia = blood food poisoning
nimhiúil, adjective = poisonous

This word came up in one of the Irish lessons I listened today and I really like it’s sound.

Word of the day – garganta

garganta, noun = throat, gullet, neck, instep, singing voice, gorge, ravine, narrow pass, shaft

Examples of usage
mojar la garganta = to wet one’s whistle (to have a drink)
le tengo atravesado en la garganta = he sticks in my gullet
tener el agua a la garanta = to be in great danger (lit. “to have water in the throat”)

Related words
gargantear, verb = to warble, quaver, trill
garganteo, noun = warble, quaver, trill

This is a word with an interesting range of meanings. You can see how it’s meaning has been metaphorically extended. This is a very common way for words to acquire new meanings. Over time, the orginal metaphorical meanings are forgetten and the words become dead metaphors.

In The Unfolding of Language, Guy Deutscher claims that metaphor is main way we use to describe abstract concepts. Even such every day words as have, in, behind and front were once metaphors. In many cases, the meanings of words for parts of the body are extended to embrace abstractions. Front, for example, originally meant ‘brow’ or ‘forehead’.

Word of the day – pomodoro

pomodoro, noun = tomato

One of the things Christopher Columbus brought back from the “New World” was the tomato. People believed that tomatoes were poisonous at first, but had started to fry and eat them like eggplants (aubergines) by the beginning of the 18th century.

The Italians gave tomatoes the same nickname as eggplant, pomo di moro, which means ‘fruit of the Moors’. At that time, the Moors were often thought to have introduced new products. Over time, pomo di moro changed to pomodoro, which was mistranlated as ‘apples of gold’ (pomo d’oro) by English-speaking historians.

The English word tomato comes, via Spanish tomate, from the Nahuatl word tomatl, which means literally “the swelling fruit”. Interestingly, tomatoes were not commonly eaten in the USA until after 1830.

In Manx, a tomato is ooyl ghraih (lit. “love apple”), tomato or traase. In Irish, tomato is trátaí.

Sources
An Introduction to Language and Linguistics, by Ralph W. Fasold and Jeff Connor-Linton
www.etymonline.com

Word of the day – kiartey

kiartey (K’YART-a), noun = chore, job, task

Examples of usage
Vel kiartey ec Peddyr foast? – Does Peter have a job yet?
Ta mee skee jeh’n chiartey aym – I’m tired of my job
Cre’n sorch dy chiartey by vie lhiat jannoo? – What kind of job would you like to do?

Related expressions
kiartagyn – household chores, odd jobs
coorseyn-kiartey – careers
obbyr – work
faill – wages
ardjaghey – promotion
Ta mee gobbraghey – I’m working
Ta mee ass obbyr – I’m unemployed
T’ee ny taaue – She’s retired
Caghlaa obbyr aash – Change of work is rest (proverb)

There are a couple of ways to say what you do for a living in Manx:

  • Ta mee ny obbrinagh – I’m an engineer, lit. “Is I in my (state of being an) engineer”
  • She fir-lhee mish – I’m a (male) doctor, lit. “Is man-healing myself”

The other Celtic languages use similar structures:

Scottish Gaelic: ‘Se dotair a th’annam – I’m a doctor, lit. “Is doctor that is in me”

Irish: Is dochtúir mé – I’m a doctor, lit. “Is doctor I”

Welsh: Meddyg dwi – I’m a doctor, lit. “Doctor am I”