Category: Language

Word of the day – constable

By Simon

In the Roman and Byzantine Empires of the 5th and 6th centuries AD, the comes stabuli (count of the stable) was the person in charge of the stables at the imperial court.

The Franks borrowed the title but changed the position slightly to the head of the royal stud. During the 12th century in France, the comes stabuli became an important commander in the army and the title became conestable in Old French.

Eventually the word was borrowed into English as constable and referred to “an officer of the peace” – this meaning was first recorded in 1596. During the 19th century, a regular police force was established in England and the police officers were given the title constable under a chief constable.

Today constable is the lowest rank in the British police, followed by sargeant, while Chief Constable is the highest rank.

More details of the exciting adventures of this word

Word of the day – lullaby

By Simon

Lullabies, from the Middle English lullen, to lull, + bye, are soothing songs usually sung to babies to lull them to sleep. An alternative name is berceuse, from the French for lullaby or “cradle song”.

According to an article I found today, lullabies are not only a good way to get babies to sleep, but can also help with their language development.

A study at the University of Warwick has found that babies whose parents sing to them regularly tend to develop language and communication skills earlier than babies whose parents don’t sing to them. Lullabies help babies to relax and get them used to hearing vocalisations and verbal sounds. They can also help parents to bond with their babies and to relax.

Unusual characters

By Simon

Believe it or not the Chinese characters shown below are all variants forms of the ‘same’ character.

Variant forms of the complex Chinese character for one

The character in question is 壹 (yī) – the complex form of ‘one’, which is used on banknotes, coins and cheques. Well actually the first one is a version of 一, the simple from of ‘one’.

The first two characters come from this site, which includes a number of other rare and unusual Chinese characters. The only one of them I’ve seen ‘in the wild’ is the Shanxi noodle one (no. 2), which appears in many Chinese restaurants in the UK.

Children’s language games

By Simon

This week’s Word of Mouth, the programme about language on BBC Radio 4, was devoted to the games children play with language. The presenter, Michael Rosen, and the contributors found out some of the rhymes and counting games children are currently using and compared them to ones they remembered from their own childhoods.

One interesting thing about children’s language games is that they are an oral tradition passed on from child to child, constantly evolving and adapting, with little or no adult involvement. Some of the games are very old and possibly preserve fragments of long-forgotten languages. This is an example of a vibrant, living tradition which seems to be as popular as ever, even though some of the people interviewed on the programme fear it’s dying out.

One point discussed on the programme was that it’s mainly girls who play the language games, especially the more complex ones involving rhymes, actions, skipping, etc. It was suggested that boys might not be able to remember them as well as girls.

Did you play any language games when you were a kid? Do you remember any of them?

English as a Lingua (ELF)

By Simon

There are about three times as many people who speak English as a second or foreign language as there are native speakers. Many people use English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) to communicate with others with whom they don’t share a common language. When they do so, the English they use isn’t necessarily the same as the English used by native speakers. ELF tends to have a more restricted vocabulary, a simplified grammar and pronunciation, and fewer idioms than native English.

According to an article in the Financial Times I came across today, via this blog, ELF users tend to find it easier to communicate with one another if no native speakers of English are present. Native speakers who don’t adjust their language for non-natives tend to be difficult to understand. The article mentions a student conference in Amsterdam where everyone spoke English and where the sole British participant was asked to be “less English” so that the others could understand her.

I first heard the term English as a Lingua Franca a few years ago on a radio programme in which the linguist Jean Atchinson discussed the phenomenon. She suggested that native speakers of English should become familiar with ELF in order to communicate effectively with non-native speakers. I sure this isn’t too much of a problem for those who communicate regularly with non-native speakers, but probably can cause difficulties for others.

In another article about ELF, the author mentions research from Sweden and the Netherlands on the widespread use of English as a medium of instruction in higher education. The research found that “Test results were about ten percent lower on average in English taught courses than in courses taught in the mother tongue.”

Ffordd wahanol

By Simon

Yn ystod yr wythnosau diwethaf, dw i wedi bod yn arbrofi gyda ffordd wahanol o ymarfer fy ieithoedd. Cyn hynny gwrandais ar radio yn y Wyddeleg a’r Aeleg yr Alban bob bore, ac ar Radio Cymru yn y prynhawn. Bellach dw i’n gwrando trwy dydd ar y Wyddeleg a’r Aeleg yr Alban ar ddydd Llun, Mercher a Gwener, ac ar Gymraeg ar ddydd Mawrth, Iau a Sadwrn. Yn y hwyr dw i’n darllen nofelau neu canu caneuon yn yr ieithoedd hyn. Dw i’n ceisio dysgu tipyn bach o Tsieceg, ac i ymarfer y gitâr a’r chiwban, bob dydd hefyd.

Slí éagsúil

I rith na seachtainí seo caite, bím triail a bhaint as slí éagsúil mo chuid teangacha a chleachtadh. Roimhe sin, bhí mé ag éisteacht le Raidió na Gaeltachta agus Radio nan Gaidheal achan mhaidin, agus le raidió as Breatnais achan tráthnóna. Anois éistim le raidió as Gaeilge agus Gaeilge na hAlban ar an Luan, an gCéadaoin agus an Aoine, agus le raidió as Breatnais ar an Máirt, Déardaoin agus an Satharn. Sa tráthnóna bím ag leamh úrscéalaí nó ag canadh as na teangacha sin. Bhain mé triail as giota beag Seicis a fhoghlaim, agus an giotár agus an fheadóg a chleachtadh, achan lá chomh maith.