Tengwar   

Origin

J.R.R. Tolkien created many languages throughout his life. He wrote in one of his letters that the tales of Middle-earth (The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings, The Silmarillion, etc) grew from these languages, rather than the languages being created for use in the stories.

Tolkien also created a number of different alphabets to write his languages - Tengwar, or Feanorian letters, is the one which appears most frequently in his work. The way the vowels are indicated in Tengwar resembles Tibetan and other Brahmi-derived scripts.

Notable features

• Written from left to right in horizontal lines.
• Tengwar is written is a number of different ways known as "modes". For example there is a Quenya mode, a Sindarin mode and even an English mode. The phonetic values of the consonants (tengwa) and the ways vowels are indicated varies from mode to mode.
• Vowels are indicated by diacritics (tehtar) which appear above the consonant which precedes them (in Quenya mode) or above the consonant which follows them (in Sindarin mode). When vowels stand on their own or come at the beginning of a word, the diacritics appear over a special vowel holder. Long vowels are always attached to a vowel holder.
• Consonants are doubled by adding a wavy line below them.
• When followed by a vowel, the letters /s/ /ss/ and /r/ are written with the tengwa silme nuquerna, esse nuquerna and rómen respectively. Otherwise these letters are written with the the tengwa silme, esse and óre.
• When the letter /s/ follows another consonant it is written with a little downward hook.

Used to write

A number of different languages of Middle-Earth, such as:

Quenya, Qenya or High-Elven, the most prominent language of the Amanya branch of the Elvish language family. Tolkien complied the "Qenya Lexicon", his first list of Elvish words, in 1915 at the age of 23 and continued to refine the language throughout his life. It is based mainly on Finnish, but also partly on Greek and partly on Latin.

Sindarin, the language of the Grey-elves or Sindar. Tolkien based Sindarin on Welsh and originally called it gnomish.

Sylvan, Westron, etc

Tengwar can also be used to write English, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic, Spanish, Swedish, Polish, Esperanto and a variety of other languages.

Quenya mode

Consonants

Sindarin mode

Consonants

Vowels (same for Quenya and Sindarin modes)

Vowel placement

Punctuation marks

Numerals

Pronunciation of Quenya

Quenya pronounciation provided by Joshua Boniface

Sample text (Quenya)

Transliteration / Translation
Elen síla lumenn' omentielvo / A star shines on the hour of our meeting

Sample text (Sindarin)

Transliteration / Translation
Ennyn Durin Aran Moria: pedo mellon a minno.
The Doors of Durin, Lord of Moria. Speak, friend, and enter.
(inscription on the Gate of Moria)

Tengwar links, Tengwar for English, Tengwar for Hungarian, Tengwar for Scottish Gaelic (1), Tengwar for Scottish Gaelic (2), Tengwar for Spanish, Tengwar for Latin American Spanish, Tengwar for Welsh

Other alphabets invented by J.R.R. Tolkien

Cirth, Sarati, Tengwar, Uruk Runes

Other fictional alphabets

Ancients' Alphabet, Ath, Atlantean, Aurek-Besh, Cirth, Daedric, D'ni, Dragon Runes, Futurama Alien Alphabet, Gargish, Gnommish, Hylian syllabary (Old), Hylian syllabary (Modern), Hylian alphabet, Klingon, Kryptonian, Marain, Matoran, Romulan, Sarati, Standard Galactic Alphabet, Tenctonese, Tengwar, Utopian, Visitor, Zentlardy

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